BWAAAAAAAHAHAHAHAHHAHAHAH!
Please say hello to Peggy Eaton... The hot one who messed up all the fun.Sunday, December 14, 2008
Monday, December 8, 2008
Terms & Names: Chapter 12
Sacajawea: woman who accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, wife of "guide" Toussaint Charbonneau
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark: men who guided the exploration of the Pacific Northwest, what land was attained in the Louisiana purchase
Sioux: involved in Dakota war of 1862, originally allied with French fur traders,
Second Bank of the United States: chartered in 1816 by Madison in attempt to save currency problem, failed, was dissolved by Jackson 1833
Panic of 1819: economic freak out resultant from the Bank of US refusing to take anything other than specie and the repercussions of that
Missouri Compromise: agreement passed in 1820 which settled the conflict over whether Missouri should be slave or free, it was slave and they added Maine, and the provision that slavery was abolished above the bottom of Missouri, or at the parallel 36°30' north
James Tallmadge: introduced, as an amendment to the bill authorizing the people of Missouri to form a state organization, a proposition to exclude slavery from that state when admitted to the Union.
Thomas Proviso: the compromise introduced by Tallmadge- If the north would admit Missouri as a slave state, the South would agree to outlaw slavery above a line extending from the southern border of Missouri to spanish territtory.
Era of good Feelings: period in United States political history in which partisan bitterness abated. The phrase was coined by Benjamin Russell, in the Boston newspaper, Columbian Centinel, on July 12, 1817, following the good-will visit to Boston of President James Monroe.
John Quincy Adams: democratic republican president elected in 1825 amid much controversy and the supposedly corrupt bargain
Adams-Onis Treaty: aka Transcontinental Treaty of 1819, settled a border dispute in North America between the United States and Spain, US got Florida
Monroe Doctrine: December 2, 1823, Monroe says Europe can't interfere in Western Hemisphere, that US wouldn't do anything to its south, unless if Europe comes in.
William Crawford: leading candidate for the Democratic-Republican presidential nomination in 1824, but a massive stroke in 1823 ended his chances.
"Corrupt Bargain": the 1824 election when Adams was elected despite Jackson's winning the popular vote.
Martin Van Buren: organizer of the Democratic Party, a dominant figure in the Second Party System, eighth president of US
Tariff of 1828: aka Tariff of Abominations to protect industry in the northern United States from having to compete with European goods by increasing the prices of European products because imported goods were much cheaper than the ones that were made in the U.S. North was happy because they bought, south was not because they sold.
John C Calhoun: South Carolinian advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification, wrote laws for S.C. to be first state with universal white male suffrage, favored War of 1812, corrupt bargain forced him to reverse from nationalism to states' rights.
Nullification: the idea that states should individually be able to determine whether to accept federal laws
Force Bill: 1833 authorized U.S. President Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to enforce tariffs, intended to suppress South Carolina's nullification of tariffs.
"Spoils System": basically nepotism but not family, where Jackson put only close friends and political supporters into his cabinet
Peggy Eaton: central role in the Petticoat Affair that disrupted the cabinet of Andrew Jackson, in which wifes of Cabinet were mad at her sudden status up and refused to party with her, Jackson had to redo his whole cabinet b/c
Bank Veto Message: 1832 Jackson refuses to renew the Charter of the Second Bank of US which screws up his presidency by a long run and also makes everything weewa
Nicholas Biddle: president of Second Bank of US
Specie Circular: aka Coinage Act, was an executive order issued by U.S. President Andrew Jackson in 1836 and carried out by President Martin Van Buren, required payment for government land to be in gold and silver currency.
Pet Banks: the banks of states Jackson favored and subsiquently distributed the 1833 surplus to.
American System: economic plan consisting of a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building, and a national bank to encourage productive enterprise and form a national currency.
Whigs: 33-56 supported the supremacy of Congress over the Executive Branch and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism.
Gag Rule: limit/forbiddance of raising, consideration or discussion of a particular topic by members of a legislative body ie anti-slavery petitions by Congress occurred from 1835 to 1844
Nat Turner: slave who started the largest slave rebellion in the antebellum southern United States, in Southampton County, Virginia. His methodical slaughter of white civilians during the uprising makes his legacy controversial.
Denmark Vesey Conspiracy: slave purchased his freedom, planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in the United States. Word of the plans was leaked, and Charleston, South Carolina authorities arrested the plot's leaders before the uprising could begin. Vesey and others were tried, convicted and executed.
(Five) Civilized Tribes:Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, considered civilized by white settlers during that time period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors.
Worcester v. Georgia: United States Supreme Court held that Cherokee Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty.
Indian Removal Act of 1830: supported in the South, where states were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by the "Five Civilized Tribes". In particular, Georgia, the largest state at that time, was involved in a contentious jurisdictional dispute with the Cherokee nation. IE Trail of Tears
Trail of Tears: forced relocation of Native Americans from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United State in 1831.
Arkansas Territory: organized territory of the United States from July 4, 1819, until June 15, 1836, when the territory was admitted to the Union as the state Arkansas, the 25th U.S. state.
Panic of 1837: speculative fever. The bubble burst on May 10, 1837 in New York City, when every bank stopped payment in specie (gold and silver coinage).
Depression of 1837:The Panic was followed by a five-year depression, with the failure of banks and record high unemployment levels.
"Subtreasurey": system for the retaining of government funds in the United States Treasury and its subtreasuries, independently of the national banking and financial systems. In one form or another, it existed from 1846 to 1921.
Log Cabin Campaign: 1840 Presidential campaign of William Henry Harrison.
"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too": campaign song of the colorful Log Cabin Campaign in the 1840 United States presidential election. Its lyrics sung the praises of Whig candidates William Henry Harrison (the "hero of Tippecanoe") and John Tyler, while denigrating incumbent Democrat Martin Van Buren.
...Read more
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark: men who guided the exploration of the Pacific Northwest, what land was attained in the Louisiana purchase
Sioux: involved in Dakota war of 1862, originally allied with French fur traders,
Second Bank of the United States: chartered in 1816 by Madison in attempt to save currency problem, failed, was dissolved by Jackson 1833
Panic of 1819: economic freak out resultant from the Bank of US refusing to take anything other than specie and the repercussions of that
Missouri Compromise: agreement passed in 1820 which settled the conflict over whether Missouri should be slave or free, it was slave and they added Maine, and the provision that slavery was abolished above the bottom of Missouri, or at the parallel 36°30' north
James Tallmadge: introduced, as an amendment to the bill authorizing the people of Missouri to form a state organization, a proposition to exclude slavery from that state when admitted to the Union.
Thomas Proviso: the compromise introduced by Tallmadge- If the north would admit Missouri as a slave state, the South would agree to outlaw slavery above a line extending from the southern border of Missouri to spanish territtory.
Era of good Feelings: period in United States political history in which partisan bitterness abated. The phrase was coined by Benjamin Russell, in the Boston newspaper, Columbian Centinel, on July 12, 1817, following the good-will visit to Boston of President James Monroe.
John Quincy Adams: democratic republican president elected in 1825 amid much controversy and the supposedly corrupt bargain
Adams-Onis Treaty: aka Transcontinental Treaty of 1819, settled a border dispute in North America between the United States and Spain, US got Florida
Monroe Doctrine: December 2, 1823, Monroe says Europe can't interfere in Western Hemisphere, that US wouldn't do anything to its south, unless if Europe comes in.
William Crawford: leading candidate for the Democratic-Republican presidential nomination in 1824, but a massive stroke in 1823 ended his chances.
"Corrupt Bargain": the 1824 election when Adams was elected despite Jackson's winning the popular vote.
Martin Van Buren: organizer of the Democratic Party, a dominant figure in the Second Party System, eighth president of US
Tariff of 1828: aka Tariff of Abominations to protect industry in the northern United States from having to compete with European goods by increasing the prices of European products because imported goods were much cheaper than the ones that were made in the U.S. North was happy because they bought, south was not because they sold.
John C Calhoun: South Carolinian advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification, wrote laws for S.C. to be first state with universal white male suffrage, favored War of 1812, corrupt bargain forced him to reverse from nationalism to states' rights.
Nullification: the idea that states should individually be able to determine whether to accept federal laws
Force Bill: 1833 authorized U.S. President Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to enforce tariffs, intended to suppress South Carolina's nullification of tariffs.
"Spoils System": basically nepotism but not family, where Jackson put only close friends and political supporters into his cabinet
Peggy Eaton: central role in the Petticoat Affair that disrupted the cabinet of Andrew Jackson, in which wifes of Cabinet were mad at her sudden status up and refused to party with her, Jackson had to redo his whole cabinet b/c
Bank Veto Message: 1832 Jackson refuses to renew the Charter of the Second Bank of US which screws up his presidency by a long run and also makes everything weewa
Nicholas Biddle: president of Second Bank of US
Specie Circular: aka Coinage Act, was an executive order issued by U.S. President Andrew Jackson in 1836 and carried out by President Martin Van Buren, required payment for government land to be in gold and silver currency.
Pet Banks: the banks of states Jackson favored and subsiquently distributed the 1833 surplus to.
American System: economic plan consisting of a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building, and a national bank to encourage productive enterprise and form a national currency.
Whigs: 33-56 supported the supremacy of Congress over the Executive Branch and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism.
Gag Rule: limit/forbiddance of raising, consideration or discussion of a particular topic by members of a legislative body ie anti-slavery petitions by Congress occurred from 1835 to 1844
Nat Turner: slave who started the largest slave rebellion in the antebellum southern United States, in Southampton County, Virginia. His methodical slaughter of white civilians during the uprising makes his legacy controversial.
Denmark Vesey Conspiracy: slave purchased his freedom, planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in the United States. Word of the plans was leaked, and Charleston, South Carolina authorities arrested the plot's leaders before the uprising could begin. Vesey and others were tried, convicted and executed.
(Five) Civilized Tribes:Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, considered civilized by white settlers during that time period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors.
Worcester v. Georgia: United States Supreme Court held that Cherokee Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty.
Indian Removal Act of 1830: supported in the South, where states were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by the "Five Civilized Tribes". In particular, Georgia, the largest state at that time, was involved in a contentious jurisdictional dispute with the Cherokee nation. IE Trail of Tears
Trail of Tears: forced relocation of Native Americans from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United State in 1831.
Arkansas Territory: organized territory of the United States from July 4, 1819, until June 15, 1836, when the territory was admitted to the Union as the state Arkansas, the 25th U.S. state.
Panic of 1837: speculative fever. The bubble burst on May 10, 1837 in New York City, when every bank stopped payment in specie (gold and silver coinage).
Depression of 1837:The Panic was followed by a five-year depression, with the failure of banks and record high unemployment levels.
"Subtreasurey": system for the retaining of government funds in the United States Treasury and its subtreasuries, independently of the national banking and financial systems. In one form or another, it existed from 1846 to 1921.
Log Cabin Campaign: 1840 Presidential campaign of William Henry Harrison.
"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too": campaign song of the colorful Log Cabin Campaign in the 1840 United States presidential election. Its lyrics sung the praises of Whig candidates William Henry Harrison (the "hero of Tippecanoe") and John Tyler, while denigrating incumbent Democrat Martin Van Buren.
...Read more
Saturday, December 6, 2008
Terms & Names: Chapter 11
democratic party:cultural traditionalists, people that didn't benefit from the market revolution. Poor and isolated towns. Jeffersonian formula grounded in fierce defense of liberty and equality of white men with minimal, inexpensive, decentralized government.
whig party: supported by centers of Market Revolution and NE evangelicals, Norther Cities and Towns, urban elite, native-born factory workers. Wanted government to develop economy, called for moral regulation, and bible based schools. [Think of these guys as the new Federalists.]
Horace Mann: Whig reformer that created advanced, expensive, centralized state school systems, believed schools' main purpose was character building and whig protestant culture, trained kids to respect authority.
American anti-slavery society: formed by abolitionists, demanded the rights for blacks, staged a series of campaigns to force the government to face problem of slavery.
New York Herald:Whig supported publication. Claimed that a person that "quietly attends to his business" and is still morally acceptable, will rise in society, while someone who makes a fuss will end up in prison.
Sojourner Truth: American abolitionist and women's rights activist, famous speech: "Ain't I a woman?" delivered in 1851 at the Ohio Women's rights Convention.
Auburn System: prisoners slept in solitary cells, factory work, military style, lived in complete silence
George Bancroft: Radical Democrat from Massachusetts, wanted to get rid of social class because a true republic didn't have it. Thought government control benefited insiders only. Wary of government improvements.
William Seward: Whig governor of New York, supported transportation projects because they broke down neighborhood isolation and developed Market Society, which fostered morality, piety and knowledge.
Philadelphia System:Prison system that put solitary prisoners into cells to contemplate their misdeeds and plot a new life. Led to few reformations and many suicide attempts.
Native American Party: In 1844, with endorsement of the whigs, won the New York City elections. American Nativist party that was anti-immigrant, originally the American Republican Party.
Female Moral Reform Society: set up by reformers from failed NY Magdalen society. Taught prostitutes morality and household skills. Tried to convert them to evangelical middle class. Effort failed.
Dorthea Dix: Boston humanitarian, leading advocate of humane treatment of the mentally ill. Stressed rehabilitation not punishment. Patients would not be abused or yelled at.
New York Magdalen Society: 1828 a band of Sunday school teachers initiated an informal mission to prostitutes, grew into the New York Magdalen Society.
American Temperance Society: established in Boston in 1826, contributed to a reform sentiment, promoted abolition of slavery, expanding women's rights, temperance and the improvement of society.
The Advocate of Moral Reform: The newspaper of the Female Moral Reform Society. Circulated through the evangelical North, reaching 555 auxiliary societies, 20,000 readers.
Washington Temperance Society: Six drunk guys were converted to temperance. It started a National movement in which members were generally working class, nonreligious, and rejected politics and legislation. Collapsed toward the end of the 1840s.
Sarah Grimke: abolitionist writer and suffragist. Reached conclusion that they were human beings first and women second. Cited the bible for support of female equality.
American Colonization Society: only organized opponent to slavery before 1831. Led by wealthy, conservative Northern Churchmen. Proposed sending free blacks to West Africa.
Women's Rights Convention: met in Seneca Falls, NY 1848. Held ties to anti slavery. Only male delegate was Frederick Douglas. Most attendees were white women. Demands for equality based on moral and legal arguments and on the spirit of republican institutions.
The Liberator: The newspaper published by radical abolitionists and women's rights leader William Lloyd Garrison. First example of radical abolitionism, Northern culture.
William Lloyd Garrison: publisher of The Liberator. Condemned slavery as a national sin and demanded immediate emancipation, or a start towards emancipation.
Fifteen-Gallon Law: Massachusetts's sort-lived law that prohibited purchases of hard liquor in quantities less than fifteen gallons. Made to discourage gathering at bars. Bar tenders and drinkers found a way around prohibitory laws
Daniel Webster: -- self-made Whig, used as an example to prove that good people would rise in society and only mean-spirited, lazy people would doubt an activist government.
...Read more
whig party: supported by centers of Market Revolution and NE evangelicals, Norther Cities and Towns, urban elite, native-born factory workers. Wanted government to develop economy, called for moral regulation, and bible based schools. [Think of these guys as the new Federalists.]
Horace Mann: Whig reformer that created advanced, expensive, centralized state school systems, believed schools' main purpose was character building and whig protestant culture, trained kids to respect authority.
American anti-slavery society: formed by abolitionists, demanded the rights for blacks, staged a series of campaigns to force the government to face problem of slavery.
New York Herald:Whig supported publication. Claimed that a person that "quietly attends to his business" and is still morally acceptable, will rise in society, while someone who makes a fuss will end up in prison.
Sojourner Truth: American abolitionist and women's rights activist, famous speech: "Ain't I a woman?" delivered in 1851 at the Ohio Women's rights Convention.
Auburn System: prisoners slept in solitary cells, factory work, military style, lived in complete silence
George Bancroft: Radical Democrat from Massachusetts, wanted to get rid of social class because a true republic didn't have it. Thought government control benefited insiders only. Wary of government improvements.
William Seward: Whig governor of New York, supported transportation projects because they broke down neighborhood isolation and developed Market Society, which fostered morality, piety and knowledge.
Philadelphia System:Prison system that put solitary prisoners into cells to contemplate their misdeeds and plot a new life. Led to few reformations and many suicide attempts.
Native American Party: In 1844, with endorsement of the whigs, won the New York City elections. American Nativist party that was anti-immigrant, originally the American Republican Party.
Female Moral Reform Society: set up by reformers from failed NY Magdalen society. Taught prostitutes morality and household skills. Tried to convert them to evangelical middle class. Effort failed.
Dorthea Dix: Boston humanitarian, leading advocate of humane treatment of the mentally ill. Stressed rehabilitation not punishment. Patients would not be abused or yelled at.
New York Magdalen Society: 1828 a band of Sunday school teachers initiated an informal mission to prostitutes, grew into the New York Magdalen Society.
American Temperance Society: established in Boston in 1826, contributed to a reform sentiment, promoted abolition of slavery, expanding women's rights, temperance and the improvement of society.
The Advocate of Moral Reform: The newspaper of the Female Moral Reform Society. Circulated through the evangelical North, reaching 555 auxiliary societies, 20,000 readers.
Washington Temperance Society: Six drunk guys were converted to temperance. It started a National movement in which members were generally working class, nonreligious, and rejected politics and legislation. Collapsed toward the end of the 1840s.
Sarah Grimke: abolitionist writer and suffragist. Reached conclusion that they were human beings first and women second. Cited the bible for support of female equality.
American Colonization Society: only organized opponent to slavery before 1831. Led by wealthy, conservative Northern Churchmen. Proposed sending free blacks to West Africa.
Women's Rights Convention: met in Seneca Falls, NY 1848. Held ties to anti slavery. Only male delegate was Frederick Douglas. Most attendees were white women. Demands for equality based on moral and legal arguments and on the spirit of republican institutions.
The Liberator: The newspaper published by radical abolitionists and women's rights leader William Lloyd Garrison. First example of radical abolitionism, Northern culture.
William Lloyd Garrison: publisher of The Liberator. Condemned slavery as a national sin and demanded immediate emancipation, or a start towards emancipation.
Fifteen-Gallon Law: Massachusetts's sort-lived law that prohibited purchases of hard liquor in quantities less than fifteen gallons. Made to discourage gathering at bars. Bar tenders and drinkers found a way around prohibitory laws
Daniel Webster: -- self-made Whig, used as an example to prove that good people would rise in society and only mean-spirited, lazy people would doubt an activist government.
Wednesday, November 19, 2008
Chapter 9 & 10 Terms and Names are Up!
OH, and I just found this magnificent picture of Walt Whitman...
Terms & Names: Chapter 10
Middle class: mostly prevalent in the north, had strong evangelical base, were into sentimentality and domesticity, fine arts, nature and art, and scenic tourism. Arose from the market revolution.
Evangelicalism: belief in the need for personal conversion (or being "born again"), some expression of the gospel through evangelism, a high regard for Biblical authority, and an emphasis on the death and resurrection of Jesus to be key characteristics.
Charles Grandison Finney: a minister of the gospel who became an important figure in the Second Great Awakening, known for his innovations in preaching and religious meetings.
Sunday school: prior to 1820, was used to teach children about Christianity, after used as a form of preparation for conversion
Millennialism: not a big deal to poor, middle-class evangelicals were postmillennialists: believed that Christ’s coming would occur at the end of one thousand years of social perfection brought about by missionary conversion of the world, premillennialists believed that the end would come when God chose but looked for signs of the approaching millennium in thunderstorms, shooting stars, eclipses, economic panics, and depressions, William Miller predicted world would end during the year following March 1843
Ralph Waldo Emmerson:an American essayist, philosopher, poet, and leader of the Transcendentalist movement, part of the Nature/Art movement
Herman Melville: an American novelist, short story writer, essayist and poet. MOBY DICK! Significant because a part of the art/trivial things obsession that comes along with having a middle class.
Walt Whitman: an American poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist. He was a part of the transition between Transcendentalism and realism.
Nathaniel Hawthorne: American novelist and short story writer.
Sentimentality: improvements in printing, distributing, and marketing led to outpouring of popular literature, much of it by and for women,cookbooks, etiquette books, manuals on housekeeping, sermons, and sentimental novels,sentimental novels upheld middle-class domesticity, women assumed role of evangelical ministers, demonstrating Christian living by precept, example, and moral suasion, conflict between female moral influence and the male world of politics and the marketplace, most successful sentimental novel of 1850s was Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin: by Harriet Beecher Stowe, indicts slavery as a system of absolute power at odds with domesticity and Christian love, based solidly on revival Christianity, reverses the power relations of this world, home is ultimate locus of good, marketplace moved to periphery.
Harriet Beecher Stowe: author of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Come on, seriously?
Niagra Falls: a big waterfall. People went to visit it because they were idiots following the opening of the Erie Canal, epitomized the new scenic tourism.
Thomas Cole: founder of the Hudson River School, known for its realistic and detailed portrayal of American landscape and wilderness, which feature themes of romanticism and naturalism.
Southern Code of Honor: drew rigid distinctions between men and women and whites and blacks. Basically, YAY MEN! And you didn't have to be rich for us to like you, your lineage did though. Oh, and you had to be a man...
Seventh-Day Adventists: William Miller predicted world would end during the year following March 1843, prediction did not come true, and remaining followers formed Seventh-Day Adventist Church in the 1860s
Book of Mormon: "bible" of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, patriarchal faith based on restored theocratic government, male dominance ?, and democracy among fathers, unified thousands of families, including Smith’s own
Joseph Smith: Family financial hardship led to loss of homestead, religious visions led him to discover The Book of Mormon, founded Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1830, church ruled not by professional clergy but by elaborate hierarchy of adult males
Blood sports: Popular in urban working-class neighborhoods, included cock fighting, ratting, and dog fighting, grew in popularity during the 1850s and were often staged by saloonkeepers
Minstrel show: white actors in "blackface" portrayed blatantly racist story, which perpetuated racist bigotry, while still depicting afro-american culture that would otherwise go unnoticed by white Americans
Penny press: Working-class readers discovered a similarly untrustworthy world in cheap fiction, introduced readers to seduction, rape, transvestitism, child pornography, necrophilia, miscegenation, group sex, homosexuality, and women with criminal minds and insatiable sexual appetites (that is quoting from the chapter outline), many popular fictions were melodramatic contests between good and evil, evil described in terms reminiscent of original sin
Denmark Vesey: After purchasing his freedom, he planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in the United States. Word of the plans was leaked, and Charleston, South Carolina authorities arrested the plot's leaders before the uprising could begin. Vesey and others were tried, convicted and executed.
Quaker City: A novel written by George Lippand that was a fictional account of the hypocrisy, lust, and cruelty of the outwardly genteel Christian elite of Philadelphia.
Nat Turner: Baptist lay preacher who believed he was an instrument of God, revolt began in Southampton County, Virginia in Feb 1831, bloody and hopeless revolt that ended in mass murder, failure, and the execution of Turner and his followers
Camp meeting: Majority of southerners were Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, or Disciples of Christ, camp meeting during antebellum years usually limited to only one denomination, meetings were conducted with more decorum than in the past and served as social occasions, churches that grew out of southern revivals reinforced localistic neighborhoods and the patriarchal family
William Miller: predicted world would end during the year following March 1843, prediction did not come true, and remaining followers formed Seventh-Day Adventist Church in the 1860s
...Read more
Evangelicalism: belief in the need for personal conversion (or being "born again"), some expression of the gospel through evangelism, a high regard for Biblical authority, and an emphasis on the death and resurrection of Jesus to be key characteristics.
Charles Grandison Finney: a minister of the gospel who became an important figure in the Second Great Awakening, known for his innovations in preaching and religious meetings.
Sunday school: prior to 1820, was used to teach children about Christianity, after used as a form of preparation for conversion
Millennialism: not a big deal to poor, middle-class evangelicals were postmillennialists: believed that Christ’s coming would occur at the end of one thousand years of social perfection brought about by missionary conversion of the world, premillennialists believed that the end would come when God chose but looked for signs of the approaching millennium in thunderstorms, shooting stars, eclipses, economic panics, and depressions, William Miller predicted world would end during the year following March 1843
Ralph Waldo Emmerson:an American essayist, philosopher, poet, and leader of the Transcendentalist movement, part of the Nature/Art movement
Herman Melville: an American novelist, short story writer, essayist and poet. MOBY DICK! Significant because a part of the art/trivial things obsession that comes along with having a middle class.
Walt Whitman: an American poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist. He was a part of the transition between Transcendentalism and realism.
Nathaniel Hawthorne: American novelist and short story writer.
Sentimentality: improvements in printing, distributing, and marketing led to outpouring of popular literature, much of it by and for women,cookbooks, etiquette books, manuals on housekeeping, sermons, and sentimental novels,sentimental novels upheld middle-class domesticity, women assumed role of evangelical ministers, demonstrating Christian living by precept, example, and moral suasion, conflict between female moral influence and the male world of politics and the marketplace, most successful sentimental novel of 1850s was Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin: by Harriet Beecher Stowe, indicts slavery as a system of absolute power at odds with domesticity and Christian love, based solidly on revival Christianity, reverses the power relations of this world, home is ultimate locus of good, marketplace moved to periphery.
Harriet Beecher Stowe: author of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Come on, seriously?
Niagra Falls: a big waterfall. People went to visit it because they were idiots following the opening of the Erie Canal, epitomized the new scenic tourism.
Thomas Cole: founder of the Hudson River School, known for its realistic and detailed portrayal of American landscape and wilderness, which feature themes of romanticism and naturalism.
Southern Code of Honor: drew rigid distinctions between men and women and whites and blacks. Basically, YAY MEN! And you didn't have to be rich for us to like you, your lineage did though. Oh, and you had to be a man...
Seventh-Day Adventists: William Miller predicted world would end during the year following March 1843, prediction did not come true, and remaining followers formed Seventh-Day Adventist Church in the 1860s
Book of Mormon: "bible" of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, patriarchal faith based on restored theocratic government, male dominance ?, and democracy among fathers, unified thousands of families, including Smith’s own
Joseph Smith: Family financial hardship led to loss of homestead, religious visions led him to discover The Book of Mormon, founded Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1830, church ruled not by professional clergy but by elaborate hierarchy of adult males
Blood sports: Popular in urban working-class neighborhoods, included cock fighting, ratting, and dog fighting, grew in popularity during the 1850s and were often staged by saloonkeepers
Minstrel show: white actors in "blackface" portrayed blatantly racist story, which perpetuated racist bigotry, while still depicting afro-american culture that would otherwise go unnoticed by white Americans
Penny press: Working-class readers discovered a similarly untrustworthy world in cheap fiction, introduced readers to seduction, rape, transvestitism, child pornography, necrophilia, miscegenation, group sex, homosexuality, and women with criminal minds and insatiable sexual appetites (that is quoting from the chapter outline), many popular fictions were melodramatic contests between good and evil, evil described in terms reminiscent of original sin
Denmark Vesey: After purchasing his freedom, he planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in the United States. Word of the plans was leaked, and Charleston, South Carolina authorities arrested the plot's leaders before the uprising could begin. Vesey and others were tried, convicted and executed.
Quaker City: A novel written by George Lippand that was a fictional account of the hypocrisy, lust, and cruelty of the outwardly genteel Christian elite of Philadelphia.
Nat Turner: Baptist lay preacher who believed he was an instrument of God, revolt began in Southampton County, Virginia in Feb 1831, bloody and hopeless revolt that ended in mass murder, failure, and the execution of Turner and his followers
Camp meeting: Majority of southerners were Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, or Disciples of Christ, camp meeting during antebellum years usually limited to only one denomination, meetings were conducted with more decorum than in the past and served as social occasions, churches that grew out of southern revivals reinforced localistic neighborhoods and the patriarchal family
William Miller: predicted world would end during the year following March 1843, prediction did not come true, and remaining followers formed Seventh-Day Adventist Church in the 1860s
Thursday, November 6, 2008
Terms & Names: Chapter 9
Second Bank of the United States: Henry Clay led drive for neo-Federalist program in Congress, called for protective tariffs, internal improvements, and a national bank, would foster economic growth and link sections of country together, congress chartered Bank of the United States in 1816, hold government deposits, gov’t would accept Bank notes for gov’t land, taxes, and other transactions, gov’t would buy one-fifth of Bank’s stock, approved due to fiscal horrors created by War of 1812, no discussion of whether Bank was constitutional
American System: um... there's both the bank and tariff system
John C Calhoun: advocated slavery, states' rights to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional, advocated war with Britain in 1812.
Internal Improvements:
Dartmouth College v. Woodward: (1816) New Hampshire wanted to make Dart\mouth a state school, but their charter was private issued by the British King, and the Supreme court decided you couldn't change the charter. Protected charters against state interference.
McCulloch v. Maryland: (1816) McCulloch was a clerk at a Maryland federal bank, and the state tried to tax the bank. Resulted in denial of states' rights to tax the federal government.
Gibbons v. Ogden: (1824) State of New York attempted to grant monopoly to a steam boat company on the transport from New York to New Jersey. Decision: prohibited state-run monopolies that interfered with interstate commerce.
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad: "common carrier" railroad which was located primarily in Maryland. Symbolized the modernization resultant from the Market Revolution.
Robert Fulton: inventor of the steamship, which had massive impact in perpetuating the market revolution, inspired the channel craze.
Natchez Trace: a 440 mile long path extending from Mississippi to Nashville, linking the Mississippi and Cumberland rivers. Traditional Native American trail, later used by Europeans as trade and transit route.
Cash-Crop Business: cultivat
American System: um... there's both the bank and tariff system
John C Calhoun: advocated slavery, states' rights to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional, advocated war with Britain in 1812.
Internal Improvements:
Dartmouth College v. Woodward: (1816) New Hampshire wanted to make Dart\mouth a state school, but their charter was private issued by the British King, and the Supreme court decided you couldn't change the charter. Protected charters against state interference.
McCulloch v. Maryland: (1816) McCulloch was a clerk at a Maryland federal bank, and the state tried to tax the bank. Resulted in denial of states' rights to tax the federal government.
Gibbons v. Ogden: (1824) State of New York attempted to grant monopoly to a steam boat company on the transport from New York to New Jersey. Decision: prohibited state-run monopolies that interfered with interstate commerce.
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad: "common carrier" railroad which was located primarily in Maryland. Symbolized the modernization resultant from the Market Revolution.
Robert Fulton: inventor of the steamship, which had massive impact in perpetuating the market revolution, inspired the channel craze.
Natchez Trace: a 440 mile long path extending from Mississippi to Nashville, linking the Mississippi and Cumberland rivers. Traditional Native American trail, later used by Europeans as trade and transit route.
Cash-Crop Business: cultivat
ing only one crop and selling it as opposed to sustaining oneself with agriculture.
McCormick Reaper: cutting, tractor, multipurpose agriculture tool pulled by a horsie. Invented by Cyrus McCormick in 1831.
Richard Arkwright: (1769) inventor of the water frame, a textile spinner which was way more efficient than people doing it.
Frederick Law Olmsted: american landscape designer and father of American landscape architecture, famous for designing well-know urban parks, including Central Park.
Paternalism: exploitation of slave labor after 1820 became both more systematic and more humane, planters paid close attention to slave discipline, clothed discipline in a larger attempt to make North American slavery into a system that was both paternalistic and humane, sprang from both planter self-interest and a genuine attempt to exert a kindly, paternal control, slaves’ material standards rose, alone among the slave populations of the Western Hemisphere, births outnumbered deaths among North American slaves
Tariff of 1816: after war of 1812, british goods were cheaper than American, so people bought them, so Fed introduced a tax on import goods. The north liked it, they produced goods now competitive with British, the south hated it, they now more expensive consumed British goods.
National Road: point of contention under internal improvements, connected chesapeake with trans-Appalachian West.
Erie Canal: New York State funded canal linking Hudson river and Lake Erie, opened passage to Niagra Falls for tourism, commerce.
Lancaster Turnpike: first used in 1795, is the first long-distance, paved road built in the United States
DeWitt Clinton: early American politician who served as United States Senator and Governor of New York. In this last capacity he was largely responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal.
Main Line Canal: a railroad and canal system built by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the 19th century.
Peter Cartwright: a missionary who helped start the Second Great Awakening. He was a minister who preached benevolence.
Farmer's Almanac: ounded in Morristown, New Jersey, in 1818 by editor David Young and publisher Jacob Mann, weather predictions and astronomical data, as well as its trademark blend of humor, trivia, and advice on gardening, cooking, fishing, and human-interest crusades.
Boston Associates: a loosely linked group of investors including Nathan Appleton, Abbott Lawrence, and Amos Lawrence, often related directly or through marriage, they were based in Boston, Massachusetts, established banksand invested in others. Controlled 40% of banking capital in Boston, 40% of all insurance capital in Massachusetts, and 30% of Massachusetts' railroads. Tens of thousands of New Englanders received employment from these investors, working in any one of the hundreds of their mills.
Waltham System: Boston Associates in Massachusetts developed a different textile system, factories were heavily capitalized and as fully mechanized as possible, workers were young, single women from the farms of northern New England, desired to build a profitable textile industry without creating a permanent working class, women policed their own behavior and shunned fellow workers whose behavior was questionable, produced self-respecting sisterhood of independent, wage-earning women
Samuel Slater: brought British textile technology to America, built first water powered mill in america.
Metropolitan Industrialization: largest handicrafts came to be divided into skilled and unskilled segments, created a large urban working class, high rents and the lack of water power made it impossible to set up large factories in cities, some trades, like needlework and shoe making, became “sweated”, most of the work for mass consumption done by women who worked long hours for low piece rates, wage rates and gendered tasks reflected the old family division of labor, members of the middle class entertained notions of gentility based on the distinction between manual and nonmanual work
Yeomen and Planters: as the price of slaves and good land rose, fewer and fewer owners shared in the profits of the cotton economy, and wealth became more concentrated, dual economy emerged with plantations at the commercial center and a white yeomanry on the fringes, some small farmers were tied to the plantation economy and vested in its continuance, most small farmers, though, lived away from the plantations, built yeomen society that shared many of the characteristics of the eighteenth-century countryside
...Read more
Richard Arkwright: (1769) inventor of the water frame, a textile spinner which was way more efficient than people doing it.
Frederick Law Olmsted: american landscape designer and father of American landscape architecture, famous for designing well-know urban parks, including Central Park.
Paternalism: exploitation of slave labor after 1820 became both more systematic and more humane, planters paid close attention to slave discipline, clothed discipline in a larger attempt to make North American slavery into a system that was both paternalistic and humane, sprang from both planter self-interest and a genuine attempt to exert a kindly, paternal control, slaves’ material standards rose, alone among the slave populations of the Western Hemisphere, births outnumbered deaths among North American slaves
Tariff of 1816: after war of 1812, british goods were cheaper than American, so people bought them, so Fed introduced a tax on import goods. The north liked it, they produced goods now competitive with British, the south hated it, they now more expensive consumed British goods.
National Road: point of contention under internal improvements, connected chesapeake with trans-Appalachian West.
Erie Canal: New York State funded canal linking Hudson river and Lake Erie, opened passage to Niagra Falls for tourism, commerce.
Lancaster Turnpike: first used in 1795, is the first long-distance, paved road built in the United States
DeWitt Clinton: early American politician who served as United States Senator and Governor of New York. In this last capacity he was largely responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal.
Main Line Canal: a railroad and canal system built by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the 19th century.
Peter Cartwright: a missionary who helped start the Second Great Awakening. He was a minister who preached benevolence.
Farmer's Almanac: ounded in Morristown, New Jersey, in 1818 by editor David Young and publisher Jacob Mann, weather predictions and astronomical data, as well as its trademark blend of humor, trivia, and advice on gardening, cooking, fishing, and human-interest crusades.
Boston Associates: a loosely linked group of investors including Nathan Appleton, Abbott Lawrence, and Amos Lawrence, often related directly or through marriage, they were based in Boston, Massachusetts, established banksand invested in others. Controlled 40% of banking capital in Boston, 40% of all insurance capital in Massachusetts, and 30% of Massachusetts' railroads. Tens of thousands of New Englanders received employment from these investors, working in any one of the hundreds of their mills.
Waltham System: Boston Associates in Massachusetts developed a different textile system, factories were heavily capitalized and as fully mechanized as possible, workers were young, single women from the farms of northern New England, desired to build a profitable textile industry without creating a permanent working class, women policed their own behavior and shunned fellow workers whose behavior was questionable, produced self-respecting sisterhood of independent, wage-earning women
Samuel Slater: brought British textile technology to America, built first water powered mill in america.
Metropolitan Industrialization: largest handicrafts came to be divided into skilled and unskilled segments, created a large urban working class, high rents and the lack of water power made it impossible to set up large factories in cities, some trades, like needlework and shoe making, became “sweated”, most of the work for mass consumption done by women who worked long hours for low piece rates, wage rates and gendered tasks reflected the old family division of labor, members of the middle class entertained notions of gentility based on the distinction between manual and nonmanual work
Yeomen and Planters: as the price of slaves and good land rose, fewer and fewer owners shared in the profits of the cotton economy, and wealth became more concentrated, dual economy emerged with plantations at the commercial center and a white yeomanry on the fringes, some small farmers were tied to the plantation economy and vested in its continuance, most small farmers, though, lived away from the plantations, built yeomen society that shared many of the characteristics of the eighteenth-century countryside
Wednesday, November 5, 2008
DO NOT FORGET:
The CRITICAL REVIEW papers for the outside reading books are DUE sometime in early November.
- Pick a book from that list Tucker gave out.
- Read the spark notes.
- Write essay using these directions:
The critical review for your book shall be typed (double spaced) with 12 point type. Include the information specified below. Edit your drafts and keep a copy of your final effort. Final drafts should be 2 to 3 pages in length. Your paper should be 7 paragraphs in length after the bibliographic data. Use one paragraph for each of the following points.
1. Give the bibliographic data for your book using MLA format. Place it at the top of the first page.
2. Describe the book in general terms. What subjects does it cover? What years does it span?
3. Identify the major thesis. The major thesis would reflect the author's general point of view or belief.
4. Explain the author's main contentions and discuss them giving evidence (concrete details and analysis).
5. What were your chief objections and summarize any shortcomings. If you find errors, mention important ones.
6. Address the following:
a. How does the book change your conception of the topic?
b. What additional work needs to be done in order to clear up any doubtful points?
c. What gaps still need to be filled?
7. Give information about the author (background, experience, other books written).
8. End your critique by summarizing your opinion of the merits and faults of the book.
1. Give the bibliographic data for your book using MLA format. Place it at the top of the first page.
2. Describe the book in general terms. What subjects does it cover? What years does it span?
3. Identify the major thesis. The major thesis would reflect the author's general point of view or belief.
4. Explain the author's main contentions and discuss them giving evidence (concrete details and analysis).
5. What were your chief objections and summarize any shortcomings. If you find errors, mention important ones.
6. Address the following:
a. How does the book change your conception of the topic?
b. What additional work needs to be done in order to clear up any doubtful points?
c. What gaps still need to be filled?
7. Give information about the author (background, experience, other books written).
8. End your critique by summarizing your opinion of the merits and faults of the book.
Wednesday, October 29, 2008
Chapter 7 & 8 Test
Mmmmm... Yum. It smells like hell week test taking season! Heads up, there's a test tomorrow, if you were unaware, on Chapters 7 and 8. The only thing needing to be turned in, to my knowledge, is the terms and names.
Have a lovely time studying, dears.
Monday, October 27, 2008
Hey guys,
In an attempt to actually seem like I contribute to this blog somehow I bring you:
Kellie's Best Ways to Procrastinate
1. Laugh (Life sucks if you don't laugh every once in awhile)
Suggestions:
- visit pbfcomics.com (only if you are not easily offended)
- search for & watch "Who's Line is it Anyways" on youtube.com
- go through old yearbooks (always great)
2. Drink water (It's good for you)
3. Floss (also good for you, plus your dentist will love you)
4. Stretch (this is also a way productive way to be unproductive, it prevents injuries and is, again, an all around good thing to do)
...more later from the department of fun.
I know you can't wait.
STOP FREAKING OUT
Dear Everyone,
The test is officially not TUESDAY!!! I repeat, not tomorrow. Despite what you may have heard on the street, the Chapter 7 and 8 test is decidedly on Thursday, October 30th and the Unit Test on Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8 is on the following Monday. Woo!
So yes. Don't have a cow, please. It rather scares me when everyone's having a hay day.
The test is officially not TUESDAY!!! I repeat, not tomorrow. Despite what you may have heard on the street, the Chapter 7 and 8 test is decidedly on Thursday, October 30th and the Unit Test on Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8 is on the following Monday. Woo!
So yes. Don't have a cow, please. It rather scares me when everyone's having a hay day.
Sunday, October 26, 2008
Terms & Names: Chapter 8
Federalist Party:Statesmen and public figures supporting the administrations of Presidents George Washington (1789–1797) and John Adams (1797–1801), founded by Alexander Hamilton. It opposed the Democratic-Republican Party during the 1800s.
Precedent: thought the constitution set out the "blueprint" for how the new USA should be run, the decisions made by the first cabinet would serve as laws for how things would be done forever.
Bill of Rights: ten constitutional amendments decided at first congress, reflected fear of centralized power, focused on civil liberties, preserved essential thrust of Constitution and power of government.
Presidential Cabinet: executive departments of war, state, and treasury guaranteed that the heads of these would be appointed solely by the president.
John Jay: (1789-1795) served on the U.S. Supreme Court as the first Chief Justice of the United States, 1794 negotiated the Jay Treaty with the British, (1795-1801) governor of New York, leading opponent of slavery
Bank of the United States: proposed by Hamilton and adopted in 1791, federal government in whihc all US funds would bue stored but which whose operations would be supervised by directors representing private stockholders, debts paid for by taxes.
Strict Constitution: believers though that government only had powers specified in Constitution
Citizen Genet: (1793) French sent to US by French ruling Girondists, openly commissioned American privateers to harass British ships, opened French Caribbean to American trade, importance: free trade!
Pickeny's Treaty: Spain recognized Ammerican neutrality in the Anglo-Franco War, set the border between US and Spanish Florida on American terms, put an end to Spanish claims to territory in southwest and gave Americans unrestricted rights to navigate Mississippi river
XYZ Affair: (1797) Adams attempted diplomatic negotiations, French demanded bribes before negotiations could begin, dubbed XYZ affair; caused outrage in United States, undeclared naval war in Caribbean began in April 1798
High Federalists: federalist dominated congress under President Adams, who weren't too friendly with him. Passed several wartime measures: federal property tax, Alien and Sedition Acts.
John Marshall: committed Federalist Supreme Court Judge during Marbury v. Madison, main concern was the Court’s independence, believed in strict constructionism, succeeded in separating internal dissent from treason, limited definition of treason to prevent using it as a way of silencing political opposition
Aaron Burr: (1807) tried for treason, charged with conspiring to separate Louisiana from the United States, acquitted
Louisiana Purchase: Spain closed New Orleans to U.S. traffic in 1802, Jefferson sought thereafter to purchase the city from France, which would soon possess it, French willing to sell, as plans for Caribbean empire had collapsed, offer to sell entire territory, not just the city of New Orleans, presented constitutional challenge to Jefferson b/c no provision for land purchase and incorporation into union, decided to move ahead anyway, generated Federalist opposition Purchase of Louisiana doubled size of the US
Yazoo Land Company: (1795-1803) massive fraud perpetrated by several Georgia governors and the state legislature by selling large tracts of land to insiders at ridiculously low prices.
Haiti: 1799 revolution of slaves against French colonial government
Napoleon Bonaparte: emperor of France, sold Louisiana to US, War in Europe against Napoleon ended 1814
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair: humiliation for United States, led to demands for reprisals against British, Jefferson responded by barring British ships from American ports and territorial waters, also led to call up of militiamen
Fort Mims Massacre: (1813) a force of Creeks (associated with Red Sticks) killed hundreds of settlers, mixed-blood Creeks, and militia in Fort Mims.
Battle of the Thames: (October 1813) Tecumseh killed, decisive US victory in the War of 1812, in upper Canada, and the destruction of the Native American coalition that he led.
Hartford Convention: revealed the depths of Federalist opposition to the war moderate Federalists called convention to forestall talk of secession, proposed constitutional amendments to restore power to New England, repeal of “three-fifths” clause regarding slavery, denial of office holding to naturalized citizens, increase difficulty for addition of new states, require two-thirds majority of both houses of Congress for declaration of war, delegation to Washington arrived after peace treaty and news of New Orleans, branded selfish and unpatriotic, convention ruined any chance of a nationwide Federalist resurgence after the war
John Adams: pushed for flowery, puffed up Presidential title, federalist, carried Northeast in 96 election, 1797 attempted diplomatic negotiations with France, wartime measures by congress taken without Adams' consent, feared that army was being prepared to eliminate domestic opponents of Hamilton and his allies, decided to seek peace in order to defuse domestic tensions, achieved peace and cut the ground from under the militaristic Federalist faction
James Madison: w/ Jefferson, led opposition to Federalist government
Judiciary Act of 1789: created the Supreme Court and gave Congress the power to establish inferior courts. It made no provision, though, for the composition or procedures of any of the courts, leaving this to Congress to decide.
Alexander Hamilton: was broad constructionist: government could make all laws it deemed “necessary and just” to deal with the nation’s needs, advocated formation of US Bank, centralized government based on British model, hard core Federalist
Report on Public Credit: urged Congress to assume state debts, combine all debts into a consolidated national debt, foreign debt should be paid immediately, domestic debt would be permanent, tax-supported fixture of government, interest-bearing securities would attract creditors and ensure their loyalty to the government, national debt at heart of Hamilton’s plan for a powerful national state
Whiskey Rebellion: (1794) response to Hamilton's excise taxes on spirits proposed to fund the US Bank, western Pennsylvania mobs attacked excise officers, 500 militia men near Pittsburgh marched on John Neville (excise tax collector)'s house, 6,000 threatened to attacke Pittsburgh
French Revolution: US could not have escaped involvement even had it wanted to, 1778 treaties with France were still in force, federalists and Republicans debated whether treaties were still in force, Washington issued official neutrality proclamation in 179, federalists applauded, mostly for financial reasons, fepublicans were appalled that nation not helping France
Orders in Council: ?????????????? UM.... Wha?
Washington's Farewell Address: (1796) Washington refused to run for reelection, gave a farewell speech which was a sarcastic parting shot at the Democratic Republican opposition.
Alien and Sedition Acts: imposed restrictions on immigrants, crackdown on opponents or critics of the government, not supported by President Adams
Virginia and Kentucky Resolves: condemned Alien and Sedition Acts, based on Constitutional division of powers between federal government and states, anticipated later states’ rights arguments, largely ineffective
Midnight Appointments: aka Judiciary Act of 1801, ensured long-term Federalist domination of the federal courts, reduced size of Supreme Court to limit Jefferson’s ability to appoint a Republican, created new system of circuit courts, which were to be staffed by Federalists
District of Colombia: ? WHAT DO YOU WANT TO KNOW
John Randolph: leader in Congress from Virginia and spokesman for the
Old Republican or Quids faction of the Democratic-Republican Party that wanted to restrict the federal government's roles
Marbury v. Madison: laid basis for practice of judicial review, helped to lay out relationship between Congress and the Supreme Court, said Constitution was the nation’s “fundamental and paramount law”, angered some Republicans, Jefferson understood Marshall’s main concern was the Court’s independence
"Empire of Liberty": how Jefferson referred to the US with its new acquisition of the Louisiana territory
Non-Importation Act: Essex Decision (1805) prevented U.S. ships from engaging in reexport trade with France, U.S. responded with Non-Importation Act (1806) limiting British imports into U.S.
War Hawks: (1811-1812) republicans divided, War Hawks took control, mostly young and from South or West, willing to go to war with England to protect U.S. Rights, their leader, Henry Clay, became Speaker of the House
Francis Scott Key: American lawyer, author, and amateur poet, from Georgetown, who wrote the words to the United States' national anthem, "The Star Spangled Banner."
Oliver Hazard Perry: officer in US Navy, during War of 1812 led American forces in a decisive naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie.
"Mad" Anthony Wayne: general who won at Fallen Timbers, ordered by Washington to take 12,000 federalized militia men to quell Whiskey Rebellion
Democratic-Republicans: those who supported smaller federal government, larger state government, Thomas Jefferson and backers
Thomas Jefferson: was a strict constitutionalist, believed in greater state rights, Democratic-Republican
Treaty of Ghent: at peace talks, British initially proposed outrageous demands, compromise became possible once their military position began to falter, treaty simply put an end to hostilities, halted a war that neither side could win decisively
Elections of 1796: Adams (New England, New York) v. Jefferson (South, Pennsylvania)- Adams wins, Jefferson Vice President b/c New England withholds votes for Pickney because Hamilton had South withholds votes for Adams.
Elections of 1800:
Embargo Act: (1807) halted all U.S. Trade with foreign country, had little effect on British policy, disastrous for U.S. economy, especially in Northeast, fostered Federalist opposition
...Read more
Precedent: thought the constitution set out the "blueprint" for how the new USA should be run, the decisions made by the first cabinet would serve as laws for how things would be done forever.
Bill of Rights: ten constitutional amendments decided at first congress, reflected fear of centralized power, focused on civil liberties, preserved essential thrust of Constitution and power of government.
Presidential Cabinet: executive departments of war, state, and treasury guaranteed that the heads of these would be appointed solely by the president.
John Jay: (1789-1795) served on the U.S. Supreme Court as the first Chief Justice of the United States, 1794 negotiated the Jay Treaty with the British, (1795-1801) governor of New York, leading opponent of slavery
Bank of the United States: proposed by Hamilton and adopted in 1791, federal government in whihc all US funds would bue stored but which whose operations would be supervised by directors representing private stockholders, debts paid for by taxes.
Strict Constitution: believers though that government only had powers specified in Constitution
Citizen Genet: (1793) French sent to US by French ruling Girondists, openly commissioned American privateers to harass British ships, opened French Caribbean to American trade, importance: free trade!
Pickeny's Treaty: Spain recognized Ammerican neutrality in the Anglo-Franco War, set the border between US and Spanish Florida on American terms, put an end to Spanish claims to territory in southwest and gave Americans unrestricted rights to navigate Mississippi river
XYZ Affair: (1797) Adams attempted diplomatic negotiations, French demanded bribes before negotiations could begin, dubbed XYZ affair; caused outrage in United States, undeclared naval war in Caribbean began in April 1798
High Federalists: federalist dominated congress under President Adams, who weren't too friendly with him. Passed several wartime measures: federal property tax, Alien and Sedition Acts.
John Marshall: committed Federalist Supreme Court Judge during Marbury v. Madison, main concern was the Court’s independence, believed in strict constructionism, succeeded in separating internal dissent from treason, limited definition of treason to prevent using it as a way of silencing political opposition
Aaron Burr: (1807) tried for treason, charged with conspiring to separate Louisiana from the United States, acquitted
Louisiana Purchase: Spain closed New Orleans to U.S. traffic in 1802, Jefferson sought thereafter to purchase the city from France, which would soon possess it, French willing to sell, as plans for Caribbean empire had collapsed, offer to sell entire territory, not just the city of New Orleans, presented constitutional challenge to Jefferson b/c no provision for land purchase and incorporation into union, decided to move ahead anyway, generated Federalist opposition Purchase of Louisiana doubled size of the US
Yazoo Land Company: (1795-1803) massive fraud perpetrated by several Georgia governors and the state legislature by selling large tracts of land to insiders at ridiculously low prices.
Haiti: 1799 revolution of slaves against French colonial government
Napoleon Bonaparte: emperor of France, sold Louisiana to US, War in Europe against Napoleon ended 1814
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair: humiliation for United States, led to demands for reprisals against British, Jefferson responded by barring British ships from American ports and territorial waters, also led to call up of militiamen
Fort Mims Massacre: (1813) a force of Creeks (associated with Red Sticks) killed hundreds of settlers, mixed-blood Creeks, and militia in Fort Mims.
Battle of the Thames: (October 1813) Tecumseh killed, decisive US victory in the War of 1812, in upper Canada, and the destruction of the Native American coalition that he led.
Hartford Convention: revealed the depths of Federalist opposition to the war moderate Federalists called convention to forestall talk of secession, proposed constitutional amendments to restore power to New England, repeal of “three-fifths” clause regarding slavery, denial of office holding to naturalized citizens, increase difficulty for addition of new states, require two-thirds majority of both houses of Congress for declaration of war, delegation to Washington arrived after peace treaty and news of New Orleans, branded selfish and unpatriotic, convention ruined any chance of a nationwide Federalist resurgence after the war
John Adams: pushed for flowery, puffed up Presidential title, federalist, carried Northeast in 96 election, 1797 attempted diplomatic negotiations with France, wartime measures by congress taken without Adams' consent, feared that army was being prepared to eliminate domestic opponents of Hamilton and his allies, decided to seek peace in order to defuse domestic tensions, achieved peace and cut the ground from under the militaristic Federalist faction
James Madison: w/ Jefferson, led opposition to Federalist government
Judiciary Act of 1789: created the Supreme Court and gave Congress the power to establish inferior courts. It made no provision, though, for the composition or procedures of any of the courts, leaving this to Congress to decide.
Alexander Hamilton: was broad constructionist: government could make all laws it deemed “necessary and just” to deal with the nation’s needs, advocated formation of US Bank, centralized government based on British model, hard core Federalist
Report on Public Credit: urged Congress to assume state debts, combine all debts into a consolidated national debt, foreign debt should be paid immediately, domestic debt would be permanent, tax-supported fixture of government, interest-bearing securities would attract creditors and ensure their loyalty to the government, national debt at heart of Hamilton’s plan for a powerful national state
Whiskey Rebellion: (1794) response to Hamilton's excise taxes on spirits proposed to fund the US Bank, western Pennsylvania mobs attacked excise officers, 500 militia men near Pittsburgh marched on John Neville (excise tax collector)'s house, 6,000 threatened to attacke Pittsburgh
French Revolution: US could not have escaped involvement even had it wanted to, 1778 treaties with France were still in force, federalists and Republicans debated whether treaties were still in force, Washington issued official neutrality proclamation in 179, federalists applauded, mostly for financial reasons, fepublicans were appalled that nation not helping France
Orders in Council: ?????????????? UM.... Wha?
Washington's Farewell Address: (1796) Washington refused to run for reelection, gave a farewell speech which was a sarcastic parting shot at the Democratic Republican opposition.
Alien and Sedition Acts: imposed restrictions on immigrants, crackdown on opponents or critics of the government, not supported by President Adams
Virginia and Kentucky Resolves: condemned Alien and Sedition Acts, based on Constitutional division of powers between federal government and states, anticipated later states’ rights arguments, largely ineffective
Midnight Appointments: aka Judiciary Act of 1801, ensured long-term Federalist domination of the federal courts, reduced size of Supreme Court to limit Jefferson’s ability to appoint a Republican, created new system of circuit courts, which were to be staffed by Federalists
District of Colombia: ? WHAT DO YOU WANT TO KNOW
John Randolph: leader in Congress from Virginia and spokesman for the
Old Republican or Quids faction of the Democratic-Republican Party that wanted to restrict the federal government's roles
Marbury v. Madison: laid basis for practice of judicial review, helped to lay out relationship between Congress and the Supreme Court, said Constitution was the nation’s “fundamental and paramount law”, angered some Republicans, Jefferson understood Marshall’s main concern was the Court’s independence
"Empire of Liberty": how Jefferson referred to the US with its new acquisition of the Louisiana territory
Non-Importation Act: Essex Decision (1805) prevented U.S. ships from engaging in reexport trade with France, U.S. responded with Non-Importation Act (1806) limiting British imports into U.S.
War Hawks: (1811-1812) republicans divided, War Hawks took control, mostly young and from South or West, willing to go to war with England to protect U.S. Rights, their leader, Henry Clay, became Speaker of the House
Francis Scott Key: American lawyer, author, and amateur poet, from Georgetown, who wrote the words to the United States' national anthem, "The Star Spangled Banner."
Oliver Hazard Perry: officer in US Navy, during War of 1812 led American forces in a decisive naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie.
"Mad" Anthony Wayne: general who won at Fallen Timbers, ordered by Washington to take 12,000 federalized militia men to quell Whiskey Rebellion
Democratic-Republicans: those who supported smaller federal government, larger state government, Thomas Jefferson and backers
Thomas Jefferson: was a strict constitutionalist, believed in greater state rights, Democratic-Republican
Treaty of Ghent: at peace talks, British initially proposed outrageous demands, compromise became possible once their military position began to falter, treaty simply put an end to hostilities, halted a war that neither side could win decisively
Elections of 1796: Adams (New England, New York) v. Jefferson (South, Pennsylvania)- Adams wins, Jefferson Vice President b/c New England withholds votes for Pickney because Hamilton had South withholds votes for Adams.
Elections of 1800:
Embargo Act: (1807) halted all U.S. Trade with foreign country, had little effect on British policy, disastrous for U.S. economy, especially in Northeast, fostered Federalist opposition
...Read more
Sunday, October 19, 2008
Terms & Name: Chapter 7
H. St John de Crevecoeur: French soldier settled in rural New York, wrote letters from perspective of a farmer explaining American agrarianism, connections between property and liberty,
Notes on the State of Virginia: (1781) book written by Thomas Jefferson. Basically describes all the aspects of Virginian Life.
Barter/cash: farmers relied more on barter, giving goods/services for goods/services, as opposed to money, cash.
Fallen Timbers: (1794) final battle of North Indian War, Native Americans v. US for Northwest Territory. Significance: decisive victory for the United States, ended major hostilities in the region until "Tecumseh's War" and the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.
Old Northwest: area where Shawnee, Miami, other tribes with British maintained seven forts within what was formally the US
William Henry Harrison: led an army towards Profetstown.
Tecumseh: Tenskwatawa's brother, tooc control of the Tenskwatawan religion's movement to expel whites.
Eli Whitney: (1793) a Connecticut Yankee who made the Cotton Gin, which separated the sticky seeds from short-staple cotton so it could be milled, making it a viable cash crop, and reviving slavery.
Freehold: the laws that connected property ownership with voting rights, some states dropped it, and (1790-1820) gave way to democratic insistence for equal rights for all white men.
Alexis de Toqueville: (1835) wrote Democracy in America French political thinker, historian, observed the absence of paternal power in American families.
Gabrielle's Rebellion: (1800)Well-planned conspiracy to overthrow Virginia’s slave regime, hoped to make a republican revolution, not a slave revolt, goal not retribution or revenge, but creation of a truly democratic republic, betrayed by a fellow conspirator, leaders either executed or sold and transported out of Virginia
Competence: the ability to live up to neighborhood standards of material decency while protecting the long-term independence of their household, and thus dignity and political rights
Outwork: city merchants provided country workers with raw materials and paid them for finished goods, done by large, relatively poor families (like the cottage industry system in Euro) extended domination by male figure
Agrarian Republicanism: widespread land ownership and rough equality, declined, richer men painted houses,
Five Civilized Tribes: the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors. process of cultural transformation was proposed by George Washington and Henry Knox; lived in the Southeastern United States.
Treaty of Greenville: (1795) forced cession of two-thirds of present-day Ohio and southeastern Indiana to US, ended Northern Indian War
Prophetstown: (Tippecanoe) Where Tenskwatawa lived. Many converts flooded in, located in what's now Indiana.
Tenskwatawa: fat, one-eyed, alcoholic Shawnee who failed as a warrior and medicine man. He had a prophetic vision: Native Americans must return to how things were before Europeans came. Really mean Christian-like god would restore everything. Kinda a new religion.
Battle of Tippecanoe: (1811) when Tecumseh was away, Tenskwatawa ordered an unwise attack on William Henry Harrison's army and was beaten
John Jacob Astor: a newcomer to New York City who amassed a huge personal fortune. Settled Astoria, Oregon!!!
Deism: believing God created everything but doesn't interfere now, believed by Jefferson, popular to politicians as alternative to strict religions
Camp-meeting Revivals: extended prayer session, on the frontier, many would come and get preached at for hours on end.
John Wesley: founder of Methodism
St. Dominigue: French colony on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola from 1659 to 1804, when it became the independent nation of Haiti
Cane Ridge: (1801) Kentucky, first camp meeting held here by Southern Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians to spread word
Cumberland Gap: a pass through the Cumberland Mountains region of the Appalachian Mountains, important part of the wilderness road
...Read more
Notes on the State of Virginia: (1781) book written by Thomas Jefferson. Basically describes all the aspects of Virginian Life.
Barter/cash: farmers relied more on barter, giving goods/services for goods/services, as opposed to money, cash.
Fallen Timbers: (1794) final battle of North Indian War, Native Americans v. US for Northwest Territory. Significance: decisive victory for the United States, ended major hostilities in the region until "Tecumseh's War" and the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.
Old Northwest: area where Shawnee, Miami, other tribes with British maintained seven forts within what was formally the US
William Henry Harrison: led an army towards Profetstown.
Tecumseh: Tenskwatawa's brother, tooc control of the Tenskwatawan religion's movement to expel whites.
Eli Whitney: (1793) a Connecticut Yankee who made the Cotton Gin, which separated the sticky seeds from short-staple cotton so it could be milled, making it a viable cash crop, and reviving slavery.
Freehold: the laws that connected property ownership with voting rights, some states dropped it, and (1790-1820) gave way to democratic insistence for equal rights for all white men.
Alexis de Toqueville: (1835) wrote Democracy in America French political thinker, historian, observed the absence of paternal power in American families.
Gabrielle's Rebellion: (1800)Well-planned conspiracy to overthrow Virginia’s slave regime, hoped to make a republican revolution, not a slave revolt, goal not retribution or revenge, but creation of a truly democratic republic, betrayed by a fellow conspirator, leaders either executed or sold and transported out of Virginia
Competence: the ability to live up to neighborhood standards of material decency while protecting the long-term independence of their household, and thus dignity and political rights
Outwork: city merchants provided country workers with raw materials and paid them for finished goods, done by large, relatively poor families (like the cottage industry system in Euro) extended domination by male figure
Agrarian Republicanism: widespread land ownership and rough equality, declined, richer men painted houses,
Five Civilized Tribes: the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors. process of cultural transformation was proposed by George Washington and Henry Knox; lived in the Southeastern United States.
Treaty of Greenville: (1795) forced cession of two-thirds of present-day Ohio and southeastern Indiana to US, ended Northern Indian War
Prophetstown: (Tippecanoe) Where Tenskwatawa lived. Many converts flooded in, located in what's now Indiana.
Tenskwatawa: fat, one-eyed, alcoholic Shawnee who failed as a warrior and medicine man. He had a prophetic vision: Native Americans must return to how things were before Europeans came. Really mean Christian-like god would restore everything. Kinda a new religion.
Battle of Tippecanoe: (1811) when Tecumseh was away, Tenskwatawa ordered an unwise attack on William Henry Harrison's army and was beaten
John Jacob Astor: a newcomer to New York City who amassed a huge personal fortune. Settled Astoria, Oregon!!!
Deism: believing God created everything but doesn't interfere now, believed by Jefferson, popular to politicians as alternative to strict religions
Camp-meeting Revivals: extended prayer session, on the frontier, many would come and get preached at for hours on end.
John Wesley: founder of Methodism
St. Dominigue: French colony on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola from 1659 to 1804, when it became the independent nation of Haiti
Cane Ridge: (1801) Kentucky, first camp meeting held here by Southern Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians to spread word
Cumberland Gap: a pass through the Cumberland Mountains region of the Appalachian Mountains, important part of the wilderness road
...Read more
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
STUFF TO TURN IN FOR CHAPTER 5 & 6 TEST
Ok... So, I'm pretty sure all we have to turn in are:
- Questions: from Tuesday, there's eight of 'em.
- Worksheet: "Revolutionary War - 1775-1783"
- Terms & Names: Chapter 5
- Terms & Names: Chapter 6
I'm fairly certain we don't need to turn in notes until the UNIT TEST. So all seem good. The terms and names are mostly complete on here, I'll have em totally finished by mid afternoon today, Wednesday.
Make sure to utilize the links at left------>
There are chapter summaries, quizzes, and other informative crap.
WOO!
:D
Sunday, October 12, 2008
Terms & Names: Chapter 6
republicanism: governing a nation as a republic, with an emphasis on liberty, rule of law, popular sovereignty and the civic virtue practiced by citizens, as employed by the fledgling nation of United States of America.
Articles of Confedereation: (1777: proposed, 1781: ratified) governing constitution of the alliance of thirteen independent and sovereign states styled "United States of America."
Powers of the Confederation Congress: opened in the last stages of the American Revolution, passed important laws including Northwest Ordinance, issued a Constitution to replace the Articles.
Benedict Arnold: a general during the American Revolutionary War who originally fought for the American Continental Army, but switched sides to the British Empire.
Nathanael Greene: a major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War.
Battle of Princeton: (January 3, 1777) a victory for General Washington's revolutionary forces over British forces near Princeton, New Jersey.
John Burgoyne: British army officer, politician and dramatist. During the American Revolutionary War, on October 17, 1777, at Saratoga he surrendered his army of 9,000 men.
Brandywine Creek: (September 11, 1777) battle of the Philadelphia campaign of the American Revolutionary War. Decisive victory for the British, left Philadelphia, the revolutionary capital, undefended. The British captured the city on September 26, beginning an occupation that would last until June, 1778.
Marquis de Lafayette: French military officer, a general in the American Revolutionary War, in the Continental Army under George Washington, negotiated an increased French commitment to the war.
Vergennes: French supporter of the Thirteen Colonies, approved of support for secret French assistance, as arms and volunteers supplied to the Americans.
Francois de Grasse: French navy admiral, came to the aid of Americans with 3,000 men, landed reinforcements in Virginia, decisively defeated the British fleet in the Battle of the Chesapeake (September 1781). Drew away English forces, blockaded the coast until Lord Cornwallis surrendered, ensuring the independence of USA.
Pierre de Beaumarchais: French, founded a commercial enterprise, Roderigue Hortalez and Co., supported by the French and Spanish crowns, whose real purpose was to supply the American rebels with weapons, munitions, clothes, and provisions.
Thoughts on Government: (1776) by John Adams, suggestions on the establishment of a new government and the drafting of a constitution. "Politics is the Science of human Happiness -and the Felicity of Societies depends on the Constitutions of Government under which they live."
Bicameralism: a legislature which consists of two chambers or houses, adopted under the US Constitution.
Loyalists: those Americans who fought with the British during the American Revolution.
Banastre Tarleton: British soldier and politician, reputation for ruthlessness, involvement in the Waxhaw (Tarleton) Massacre earned him the nickname "Bloody Ban" and "Butcher" amongst American revolutionaries. The British and American loyalists hailed him as an outstanding leader of light cavalry.
Battle of Cowpens:(January 17, 1781) victory by American Revolutionary forces under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, in the Southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War. It was a turning point in the reconquest of South Carolina from the British, and an American tactical masterpiece.
Yorktown: (1781) victory by American forces led by General George Washington and French forces led by General Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by General Lord Cornwallis. It proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War, as the surrender of Cornwallis’s army (the second major surrender of the war) prompted the British government to eventually negotiate an end to the conflict.
Daniel Boone: led settlers west, blazed Wilderness Trail, militia officer during the American Revolutionary War, in Kentucky was fought primarily between settlers and British-allied American Indians.
Virginia Plan: Advocated by more populous states, call for two houses of Congress, both elected with proportional representation.
New Jersey Plan: Response to Virginia plan, less populous states adamantly opposed to giving most of the control to larger states, proposed an alternate plan that gave one vote per state for equal representation under one legislative body (i.e., a Unicameral Legislature).
Powers of Congress: authority over financial and budgetary matters, role in national defense, "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof."
"necessary and proper" clause: The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
Three-fifths Compromise: for taxation purposes, slaves would count as 3/5 of a person
Great Compromise: defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have, a bicameral legislature, resulting in the current United States Senate and House of Representatives.
Criticism of the 1787 Constitution: it had no definitive decision regarding slavery, it was weighted toward the interests of larger states.
Ratification of the 1787 Constitution: nine states to ratify the constitution for it to go into effect. Convention submitted the Constitution to the Congress of the Confederation, where it received approval.
Massachusetts Constitution: (September 1 and October 30, 1779) Drafted by John Adams, Samuel Adams, and James Bowdoin during the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention. Structured, replicated by the US Constitution, preamble, declaration of rights, description of the framework of government, and articles of amendment.
"Republican Mother": belief that children should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism, making them the perfect citizens of the new nation.
Jay Treaty: (1794) Designed primarily by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton with strong support from President George Washington and chief negotiator John Jay. The treaty averted war and increased trade, which pleased both sides. British withdrawal from the posts they occupied in the Northwest Territory of the United States, which they had promised to abandon in 1783. Wartime debts and the US-Canada boundary were sent to arbitration.
Lord North: prime minister during American Revolution, first prime minister, in Britain or indeed anywhere else in the world, to be forced out of office by a motion of no confidence, resigning on 20 March 1782 on account of the British defeat at Yorktown the year before. In an attempt to end the war, he proposed the Conciliation Plan, in which he promised that Britain would eliminate all disagreeable acts if the colonies ended the war. The colonies rejected the plan, as their motivation was independence.
Ben Franklin: a national hero in America when he spearheaded the effort to have Parliament repeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations.
Northwest Ordinance: ( July 13, 1787)creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River.
Battle of Trenton: (December 26, 1776) after General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River north of Trenton, New Jersey. Washington to led the main body of the Continental Army against Hessian soldiers garrisoned at Trenton, captured, inspired re-enlistments.
Lord Cornwallis: leading British generals, 1781 defeat by a combined American-French force at the Siege of Yorktown is generally considered the end of the war, as the bulk of British troops surrendered with Cornwallis.
The Howes: British sympathetic to Colonists, William- costly assault on Breed's Hill known as the Battle of Bunker Hill and the successful capture of New York City and Philadelphia - the latter of which would have significant strategic implications. Richard- written to Franklin in a peacemaking effort. Because of his known sentiments, he was selected to command in America. He was joined in a commission with his brother, General Sir William Howe, head of the land forces, to attempt a reconciliation.
Continental Army: the army of the rebelling nation, soon to be the fledgling United States of America.
Valley Forge: (1777–1778) site of the camp of the American Continental Army, time of great suffering for George Washington's Army, but it was also a time of retraining and rejuvenation.
Battle Saratoga: (1777) decisive American victories resulting in the surrender of an entire British army of over 9,000 men invading New York from Canada
Slavery during the War: (1775) Dunmore issued a proclamation promising freedom to any slave of a rebel who could make it to the British lines. New England slaves fought for America, Southern, only Maryland allowed slaves to fight, Brits used fear of slave revolts to scare Americans to their side.
Popular Sovereignty: the legitimacy of the state is created by the will or consent of its people, who are the source of all political power.
Separation of Powers: state is divided into branches or estates, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility. The normal division of estates is into an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary.
Constitutional Convention: (1787) address problems in governing the United States of America James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was from the outset to create a new government rather than "fix" the existing one.
Joseph Brant: Mohawk leader and British military officer during the American Revolution, participated with Howe, urged Iroquois to support British
Robert Morris: American merchant and a signer to the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution. Financier of the Revolution.
Treaty of Paris: (1783) formal end of American Revolution, British recognize new nation
Wilderness Road: principal route used by settlers to reach Kentucky, 1775, Daniel Boone blazed a trail for the Transylvania Company.
Daniel Shays: (1786-1787) led an army of farmers in Shays' Rebellion, which was a revolt against the state government of Massachusetts, and a key event in the early history of the United States. The rebellion underscored the weakness of the Articles of Confederation and played a significant part in the formation of the United States Constitution.
The Federalist: 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution published in The Independent Journal and The New York Packet.
Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776: Voting franchise for all tax-paying free men, unicameral legislature, Supreme Executive Council, judiciary, President elected by the Assembly and Council together
Annapolis Convention: Assembly of the Counties of Maryland that functioned as the colonys’ revolutionary government from 1774 to 1776.
Indian Allegiance during the War: Most Native Americans who joined the struggle sided with the British, hoping to use the American Revolutionary War to halt further colonial expansion onto Native American land.
Religious Transformation: Anglican Church became vulnerable- dissenters disestablished it in every southern state, Virginia’s 1786 Statute for Religious Freedom guaranteed free choice in religion and made church attendance and support of ministers voluntary activities, Congregational Church in north fared better, most states restricted office holding to Christians or Protestants, Jews and Catholics benefited from the new atmosphere of tolerance.
Emancipation: Most slaves who reached British lines won their freedom, even though the British army never became an instrument of systematic emancipation, revolution freed tens of thousands of slaves, but it also gave new vitality to slavery within the region that people were beginning to call “the South,” within a generation, slavery was abolished in North, race became a defining factor in both regions
Women's Rights: Subtle changes, women assumed new responsibilities as men left farms and homes to fight in the Revolution, Northeast women learned to read and write.
Post War Relations Between the U.S. and Britain: independence was recognized in 1783
Spain: fought on the side of USA in the Revolution, in 1779, Spain joined France in its war against Britain, hoping to retake Gibraltar and to stabilize Spain’s North American borders, Treaty negotiated with Spain in 1786 offered northern merchants trading privileges with Spanish colonies in exchange for closure of Mississippi River to American traffic for 25 years
...Read more
Articles of Confedereation: (1777: proposed, 1781: ratified) governing constitution of the alliance of thirteen independent and sovereign states styled "United States of America."
Powers of the Confederation Congress: opened in the last stages of the American Revolution, passed important laws including Northwest Ordinance, issued a Constitution to replace the Articles.
Benedict Arnold: a general during the American Revolutionary War who originally fought for the American Continental Army, but switched sides to the British Empire.
Nathanael Greene: a major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War.
Battle of Princeton: (January 3, 1777) a victory for General Washington's revolutionary forces over British forces near Princeton, New Jersey.
John Burgoyne: British army officer, politician and dramatist. During the American Revolutionary War, on October 17, 1777, at Saratoga he surrendered his army of 9,000 men.
Brandywine Creek: (September 11, 1777) battle of the Philadelphia campaign of the American Revolutionary War. Decisive victory for the British, left Philadelphia, the revolutionary capital, undefended. The British captured the city on September 26, beginning an occupation that would last until June, 1778.
Marquis de Lafayette: French military officer, a general in the American Revolutionary War, in the Continental Army under George Washington, negotiated an increased French commitment to the war.
Vergennes: French supporter of the Thirteen Colonies, approved of support for secret French assistance, as arms and volunteers supplied to the Americans.
Francois de Grasse: French navy admiral, came to the aid of Americans with 3,000 men, landed reinforcements in Virginia, decisively defeated the British fleet in the Battle of the Chesapeake (September 1781). Drew away English forces, blockaded the coast until Lord Cornwallis surrendered, ensuring the independence of USA.
Pierre de Beaumarchais: French, founded a commercial enterprise, Roderigue Hortalez and Co., supported by the French and Spanish crowns, whose real purpose was to supply the American rebels with weapons, munitions, clothes, and provisions.
Thoughts on Government: (1776) by John Adams, suggestions on the establishment of a new government and the drafting of a constitution. "Politics is the Science of human Happiness -and the Felicity of Societies depends on the Constitutions of Government under which they live."
Bicameralism: a legislature which consists of two chambers or houses, adopted under the US Constitution.
Loyalists: those Americans who fought with the British during the American Revolution.
Banastre Tarleton: British soldier and politician, reputation for ruthlessness, involvement in the Waxhaw (Tarleton) Massacre earned him the nickname "Bloody Ban" and "Butcher" amongst American revolutionaries. The British and American loyalists hailed him as an outstanding leader of light cavalry.
Battle of Cowpens:(January 17, 1781) victory by American Revolutionary forces under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, in the Southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War. It was a turning point in the reconquest of South Carolina from the British, and an American tactical masterpiece.
Yorktown: (1781) victory by American forces led by General George Washington and French forces led by General Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by General Lord Cornwallis. It proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War, as the surrender of Cornwallis’s army (the second major surrender of the war) prompted the British government to eventually negotiate an end to the conflict.
Daniel Boone: led settlers west, blazed Wilderness Trail, militia officer during the American Revolutionary War, in Kentucky was fought primarily between settlers and British-allied American Indians.
Virginia Plan: Advocated by more populous states, call for two houses of Congress, both elected with proportional representation.
New Jersey Plan: Response to Virginia plan, less populous states adamantly opposed to giving most of the control to larger states, proposed an alternate plan that gave one vote per state for equal representation under one legislative body (i.e., a Unicameral Legislature).
Powers of Congress: authority over financial and budgetary matters, role in national defense, "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof."
"necessary and proper" clause: The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
Three-fifths Compromise: for taxation purposes, slaves would count as 3/5 of a person
Great Compromise: defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have, a bicameral legislature, resulting in the current United States Senate and House of Representatives.
Criticism of the 1787 Constitution: it had no definitive decision regarding slavery, it was weighted toward the interests of larger states.
Ratification of the 1787 Constitution: nine states to ratify the constitution for it to go into effect. Convention submitted the Constitution to the Congress of the Confederation, where it received approval.
Massachusetts Constitution: (September 1 and October 30, 1779) Drafted by John Adams, Samuel Adams, and James Bowdoin during the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention. Structured, replicated by the US Constitution, preamble, declaration of rights, description of the framework of government, and articles of amendment.
"Republican Mother": belief that children should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism, making them the perfect citizens of the new nation.
Jay Treaty: (1794) Designed primarily by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton with strong support from President George Washington and chief negotiator John Jay. The treaty averted war and increased trade, which pleased both sides. British withdrawal from the posts they occupied in the Northwest Territory of the United States, which they had promised to abandon in 1783. Wartime debts and the US-Canada boundary were sent to arbitration.
Lord North: prime minister during American Revolution, first prime minister, in Britain or indeed anywhere else in the world, to be forced out of office by a motion of no confidence, resigning on 20 March 1782 on account of the British defeat at Yorktown the year before. In an attempt to end the war, he proposed the Conciliation Plan, in which he promised that Britain would eliminate all disagreeable acts if the colonies ended the war. The colonies rejected the plan, as their motivation was independence.
Ben Franklin: a national hero in America when he spearheaded the effort to have Parliament repeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations.
Northwest Ordinance: ( July 13, 1787)creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River.
Battle of Trenton: (December 26, 1776) after General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River north of Trenton, New Jersey. Washington to led the main body of the Continental Army against Hessian soldiers garrisoned at Trenton, captured, inspired re-enlistments.
Lord Cornwallis: leading British generals, 1781 defeat by a combined American-French force at the Siege of Yorktown is generally considered the end of the war, as the bulk of British troops surrendered with Cornwallis.
The Howes: British sympathetic to Colonists, William- costly assault on Breed's Hill known as the Battle of Bunker Hill and the successful capture of New York City and Philadelphia - the latter of which would have significant strategic implications. Richard- written to Franklin in a peacemaking effort. Because of his known sentiments, he was selected to command in America. He was joined in a commission with his brother, General Sir William Howe, head of the land forces, to attempt a reconciliation.
Continental Army: the army of the rebelling nation, soon to be the fledgling United States of America.
Valley Forge: (1777–1778) site of the camp of the American Continental Army, time of great suffering for George Washington's Army, but it was also a time of retraining and rejuvenation.
Battle Saratoga: (1777) decisive American victories resulting in the surrender of an entire British army of over 9,000 men invading New York from Canada
Slavery during the War: (1775) Dunmore issued a proclamation promising freedom to any slave of a rebel who could make it to the British lines. New England slaves fought for America, Southern, only Maryland allowed slaves to fight, Brits used fear of slave revolts to scare Americans to their side.
Popular Sovereignty: the legitimacy of the state is created by the will or consent of its people, who are the source of all political power.
Separation of Powers: state is divided into branches or estates, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility. The normal division of estates is into an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary.
Constitutional Convention: (1787) address problems in governing the United States of America James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was from the outset to create a new government rather than "fix" the existing one.
Joseph Brant: Mohawk leader and British military officer during the American Revolution, participated with Howe, urged Iroquois to support British
Robert Morris: American merchant and a signer to the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution. Financier of the Revolution.
Treaty of Paris: (1783) formal end of American Revolution, British recognize new nation
Wilderness Road: principal route used by settlers to reach Kentucky, 1775, Daniel Boone blazed a trail for the Transylvania Company.
Daniel Shays: (1786-1787) led an army of farmers in Shays' Rebellion, which was a revolt against the state government of Massachusetts, and a key event in the early history of the United States. The rebellion underscored the weakness of the Articles of Confederation and played a significant part in the formation of the United States Constitution.
The Federalist: 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution published in The Independent Journal and The New York Packet.
Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776: Voting franchise for all tax-paying free men, unicameral legislature, Supreme Executive Council, judiciary, President elected by the Assembly and Council together
Annapolis Convention: Assembly of the Counties of Maryland that functioned as the colonys’ revolutionary government from 1774 to 1776.
Indian Allegiance during the War: Most Native Americans who joined the struggle sided with the British, hoping to use the American Revolutionary War to halt further colonial expansion onto Native American land.
Religious Transformation: Anglican Church became vulnerable- dissenters disestablished it in every southern state, Virginia’s 1786 Statute for Religious Freedom guaranteed free choice in religion and made church attendance and support of ministers voluntary activities, Congregational Church in north fared better, most states restricted office holding to Christians or Protestants, Jews and Catholics benefited from the new atmosphere of tolerance.
Emancipation: Most slaves who reached British lines won their freedom, even though the British army never became an instrument of systematic emancipation, revolution freed tens of thousands of slaves, but it also gave new vitality to slavery within the region that people were beginning to call “the South,” within a generation, slavery was abolished in North, race became a defining factor in both regions
Women's Rights: Subtle changes, women assumed new responsibilities as men left farms and homes to fight in the Revolution, Northeast women learned to read and write.
Post War Relations Between the U.S. and Britain: independence was recognized in 1783
Spain: fought on the side of USA in the Revolution, in 1779, Spain joined France in its war against Britain, hoping to retake Gibraltar and to stabilize Spain’s North American borders, Treaty negotiated with Spain in 1786 offered northern merchants trading privileges with Spanish colonies in exchange for closure of Mississippi River to American traffic for 25 years
...Read more
Thursday, October 2, 2008
Terms and Names: Chapter 5
George III: (r. 1760-1820) Hannover. Presided over French Indian War, Britain became dominant power in America and India.
Proclamation of 1763: Following end of French Indian War, forbade colonists of the thirteen colonies from settling or buying land west of the Appalachian Mountains. Angered Iroquois who had land to the East.
Pontiac's War: (1763–1766) General Amherst imposes laws on Great Lakes Indians, who retaliate, use of biological warfare- smallpox on blankets. Contributing factor to Proclamation Act.
Quartering Act: (1765) Standing army during peacetime to be quartered in barracks or public places, and if no room, in unused buildings provided by the legislatures. Angered colonists as taxation without representation. Uncooperative legislatures. (1774) Governors could take charge if no housing was provided, housing in public buildings, but no provision requirements.
Sons of Liberty: secret organization of American patriots who took action against British imposition of power
Stamp Act Congress: (1765) Meeting of reps from 9/13 colonies to discuss Stamp Acts. All delegates loyal to George III.
Patrick Henry: led first protests in Virginia House of Burgesses against Stamp Act in May 1765.
William Pitt: Secretary of State of Britain during French Indian War.
Regulator Movement: (1764-1771) Uprising in North Carolina, lower class citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials who took advantage of the system.
Feudal Revival: (1730-1750) British landowners started to look to American holdings for money, crackdown for more money, most lucrative is Pennsylvania, quitrants were feudal taxes, direct w/out representation.
Gaspee Affair: (1772) British revinue ship runs aground while chasing an American ship, to collect dues. Was boarded by American patriots, burned.
Phillis Wheatley: African slave adopted by her white owner, taught to read and write, went on to write poetry, was emancipated by her family, brought to America at a young age, wrote poetry commending Christianization while deploring slavery.
Sarah Osborn: English immigrant who opened a school in Newport, Rhode Island, that admitted women and blacks.
Thomas Hutchinson: (1771-1774) governor of Massachusetts, house attacked and burned following passing of Stamp Act. Wrote general search warrants, government controlled solely by the Crown.
Thomas Gage: (1763-1775) British general in charge of North American forces. He and 2200 British try to take Breeds Hill from the Americans, after battle is replaced by General Howe.
Quebec Act: (1774) Act of the Parliament of Great Britain setting procedures of governance in the Province of Quebec: Expansion of territory to take over part of the Indian Reserve, Replaced the oath of allegiance so that it no longer made reference to the Protestant faith, Guaranteed free practice of the Catholic faith, Restored the use of the French civil law for private matters while maintaining the use of the English common law for public administration, including criminal prosecution.
Continental Congress: (1774-1789) met three times, convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution.
Olive Branch Petition: (July 5, 1775) Said colonies did not want independence but that they merely wanted to negotiate trade and tax regulations with Great Britain. Didn’t work.
Thomas Paine: (1776) Common Sense, advocating colonial America's independence from the Great Britain, (1776–1783) The American Crisis, a pro-revolutionary pamphlet series.
Declaration of Independence: (July 4, 1776) Thirteen colonies announcement to Great Britain that they are no longer part of the Kingdom.
Paul Revere: American patriot, helped organize an intelligence and alarm system to keep watch on the British military.
Grenville Administration: (1763-1765) opposed Walpole, prosecution of John Wilkes and the passing of the American Stamp Act 1765. Colonists disliked, dismissed in favor of Rockingham.
Paxton Boys: backcountry Presbyterian Scots-Irish from around Pennsylvania who wanted to kill any Indians possible, so killed friendly ones.
Sugar Act: (1764) imposed a tax of three pence per gallon of molasses, reducing the rate in half and increasing measures to enforce the tax, the British hoped that the tax would actually be collected. It wasn’t- economic impact (not taxation without representation) which inspired colonists to protest.
Stamp Act: (1765) required all legal documents, permits, commercial contracts, newspapers, wills, pamphlets, and playing cards in the colonies to carry a tax stamp. Britain attempting to get out of debt, colonists protest, force tax men to resign so it is never fully enforced.
Virtual Representation: concept that men without the vote were “virtually” represented by members of Parliament. Sparked contest when thought of as misrepresentation in the colonies.
Nonimportation Agreements: With the Tea Act, Boston adopts nonimportation, but merchants are disinclined to fully adopt, though artisans are ok with it. Women were more hurt. (September 5, 1774) First continental congress delegates agree to not import British goods to hurt them economically.
Massachusetts Circular Letter: (1768) written by Samuel Adams, passed by the Massachusetts House of Representatives, response to the Townshend Acts- tensions between the British Parliament, military occupation of Boston by the British Army.
Letter of a Pennsylvania Farmer: (1767) written by John Dickenson, a preeminent Philadelphia lawyer, advocated commercial protest against Great Britain, printed in every colonial newspaper
a. Denied distinction between internal and external taxes
b. Insisted that all parliamentary taxes for revenue violated colonists’ rights
c. Speculated about Townshend’s real motives
Battle of Alamance Creek: (1768) regulators refuse taxes: battle between regulators/frontier and moderators/coast
Boston Massacre: (March 5, 1770) Five civilian deaths by British soldiers, because of heavy British military presence in Boston.
Tea Act: (1773) East India Company gets monopoly on tea into America, colonists could boycott solely tea ships, wouldn’t let them into the port.
Revenue Act of 1766: law passed by Great Britain to enforce the provisions of the 1733 Sugar and Molasses Act. Lessened the tax but increased regulations.
Townshend Revenue Act: (1767) taxed common imports: lead, paper, paint, glass, and tea, new admiralty courts to try Americans and reaffirmed the legality of warrentless searches.
Declaratory Act: (1766) stated that Parliament had the right to make laws for the colonies in all matters. Colonists not too happy about this…
Coerecive Acts (Intolerable Acts): (1774) series of acts which imposed greater British rule, angered colonists. Contribute to Boston Tea Party.
First Continental Congress: delegates from twelve colonies, response to the passage of the Intolerable Acts by Parliament. In Philadelphia, attended by 55 members, organized an economic boycott of British trade, publish a list of rights and grievances, and petition King George for redress of those grievances. Still supported George.
Battle of Bunker (Breed's) Hill: (June 17, 1775) part of the Siege of Boston. Americans: Putnam, British: Howe. British won, but they suffered their greatest losses of the entire war.
Battles of Lexington and Concord: (April 19, 1755) outbreak of open armed combat between two forces.
Committee of Public Safety: (1760s)discuss the concerns of the time, militias under the control of committees, in communication with committees of correspondence.
Second Continental Congress: (May 10, 1775) managed the colonial war effort, and moved slowly towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States, became known as the Congress of the Confederation.
Common Sense: (January 10, 1776)argument for independence from British rule at a time when the question of independence was still undecided, like a sermon and relied on Biblical references to make his case to the people.
Hessians: German troops that had been hired by King George III to help to suppress the American revolution
...Read more
Proclamation of 1763: Following end of French Indian War, forbade colonists of the thirteen colonies from settling or buying land west of the Appalachian Mountains. Angered Iroquois who had land to the East.
Pontiac's War: (1763–1766) General Amherst imposes laws on Great Lakes Indians, who retaliate, use of biological warfare- smallpox on blankets. Contributing factor to Proclamation Act.
Quartering Act: (1765) Standing army during peacetime to be quartered in barracks or public places, and if no room, in unused buildings provided by the legislatures. Angered colonists as taxation without representation. Uncooperative legislatures. (1774) Governors could take charge if no housing was provided, housing in public buildings, but no provision requirements.
Sons of Liberty: secret organization of American patriots who took action against British imposition of power
Stamp Act Congress: (1765) Meeting of reps from 9/13 colonies to discuss Stamp Acts. All delegates loyal to George III.
Patrick Henry: led first protests in Virginia House of Burgesses against Stamp Act in May 1765.
William Pitt: Secretary of State of Britain during French Indian War.
Regulator Movement: (1764-1771) Uprising in North Carolina, lower class citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials who took advantage of the system.
Feudal Revival: (1730-1750) British landowners started to look to American holdings for money, crackdown for more money, most lucrative is Pennsylvania, quitrants were feudal taxes, direct w/out representation.
Gaspee Affair: (1772) British revinue ship runs aground while chasing an American ship, to collect dues. Was boarded by American patriots, burned.
Phillis Wheatley: African slave adopted by her white owner, taught to read and write, went on to write poetry, was emancipated by her family, brought to America at a young age, wrote poetry commending Christianization while deploring slavery.
Sarah Osborn: English immigrant who opened a school in Newport, Rhode Island, that admitted women and blacks.
Thomas Hutchinson: (1771-1774) governor of Massachusetts, house attacked and burned following passing of Stamp Act. Wrote general search warrants, government controlled solely by the Crown.
Thomas Gage: (1763-1775) British general in charge of North American forces. He and 2200 British try to take Breeds Hill from the Americans, after battle is replaced by General Howe.
Quebec Act: (1774) Act of the Parliament of Great Britain setting procedures of governance in the Province of Quebec: Expansion of territory to take over part of the Indian Reserve, Replaced the oath of allegiance so that it no longer made reference to the Protestant faith, Guaranteed free practice of the Catholic faith, Restored the use of the French civil law for private matters while maintaining the use of the English common law for public administration, including criminal prosecution.
Continental Congress: (1774-1789) met three times, convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution.
Olive Branch Petition: (July 5, 1775) Said colonies did not want independence but that they merely wanted to negotiate trade and tax regulations with Great Britain. Didn’t work.
Thomas Paine: (1776) Common Sense, advocating colonial America's independence from the Great Britain, (1776–1783) The American Crisis, a pro-revolutionary pamphlet series.
Declaration of Independence: (July 4, 1776) Thirteen colonies announcement to Great Britain that they are no longer part of the Kingdom.
Paul Revere: American patriot, helped organize an intelligence and alarm system to keep watch on the British military.
Grenville Administration: (1763-1765) opposed Walpole, prosecution of John Wilkes and the passing of the American Stamp Act 1765. Colonists disliked, dismissed in favor of Rockingham.
Paxton Boys: backcountry Presbyterian Scots-Irish from around Pennsylvania who wanted to kill any Indians possible, so killed friendly ones.
Sugar Act: (1764) imposed a tax of three pence per gallon of molasses, reducing the rate in half and increasing measures to enforce the tax, the British hoped that the tax would actually be collected. It wasn’t- economic impact (not taxation without representation) which inspired colonists to protest.
Stamp Act: (1765) required all legal documents, permits, commercial contracts, newspapers, wills, pamphlets, and playing cards in the colonies to carry a tax stamp. Britain attempting to get out of debt, colonists protest, force tax men to resign so it is never fully enforced.
Virtual Representation: concept that men without the vote were “virtually” represented by members of Parliament. Sparked contest when thought of as misrepresentation in the colonies.
Nonimportation Agreements: With the Tea Act, Boston adopts nonimportation, but merchants are disinclined to fully adopt, though artisans are ok with it. Women were more hurt. (September 5, 1774) First continental congress delegates agree to not import British goods to hurt them economically.
Massachusetts Circular Letter: (1768) written by Samuel Adams, passed by the Massachusetts House of Representatives, response to the Townshend Acts- tensions between the British Parliament, military occupation of Boston by the British Army.
Letter of a Pennsylvania Farmer: (1767) written by John Dickenson, a preeminent Philadelphia lawyer, advocated commercial protest against Great Britain, printed in every colonial newspaper
a. Denied distinction between internal and external taxes
b. Insisted that all parliamentary taxes for revenue violated colonists’ rights
c. Speculated about Townshend’s real motives
Battle of Alamance Creek: (1768) regulators refuse taxes: battle between regulators/frontier and moderators/coast
Boston Massacre: (March 5, 1770) Five civilian deaths by British soldiers, because of heavy British military presence in Boston.
Tea Act: (1773) East India Company gets monopoly on tea into America, colonists could boycott solely tea ships, wouldn’t let them into the port.
Revenue Act of 1766: law passed by Great Britain to enforce the provisions of the 1733 Sugar and Molasses Act. Lessened the tax but increased regulations.
Townshend Revenue Act: (1767) taxed common imports: lead, paper, paint, glass, and tea, new admiralty courts to try Americans and reaffirmed the legality of warrentless searches.
Declaratory Act: (1766) stated that Parliament had the right to make laws for the colonies in all matters. Colonists not too happy about this…
Coerecive Acts (Intolerable Acts): (1774) series of acts which imposed greater British rule, angered colonists. Contribute to Boston Tea Party.
First Continental Congress: delegates from twelve colonies, response to the passage of the Intolerable Acts by Parliament. In Philadelphia, attended by 55 members, organized an economic boycott of British trade, publish a list of rights and grievances, and petition King George for redress of those grievances. Still supported George.
Battle of Bunker (Breed's) Hill: (June 17, 1775) part of the Siege of Boston. Americans: Putnam, British: Howe. British won, but they suffered their greatest losses of the entire war.
Battles of Lexington and Concord: (April 19, 1755) outbreak of open armed combat between two forces.
Committee of Public Safety: (1760s)discuss the concerns of the time, militias under the control of committees, in communication with committees of correspondence.
Second Continental Congress: (May 10, 1775) managed the colonial war effort, and moved slowly towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States, became known as the Congress of the Confederation.
Common Sense: (January 10, 1776)argument for independence from British rule at a time when the question of independence was still undecided, like a sermon and relied on Biblical references to make his case to the people.
Hessians: German troops that had been hired by King George III to help to suppress the American revolution
...Read more
Sunday, September 28, 2008
Things 2 Know from Chapter 2
1. The man most responsible for the French colonization of North America was Samuel de Champlain.
2. The primary export of the Virginia Colony was tobacco.
3. The English monarch most responsible for defining the Protestant reformation in England was Elizabeth I.
4. Papal supremacy, veneration of saints, and clerical celibacy were all tenants rejected by the Calvinists.
5. The "jeremiad" was a sermon that lamented religious shortcomings.
6. A Dutch patroonship was a a large estate.
7. The colony of Massachusettes Bay was settled by Quakers.
8. Settlers were attracted to Pennsylvania in large numbers because of religious toleration.
9. Anne Hutchinson was a Puritan woman who was expelled from Massachusetts for claiming that she communicated directly with God.
10. Sir Francis Drake was an English slave trader and pirate who raided Spanish possessions in South America.
11. The monarch who sat on the English throne during early seventeenth century colonization in North America was James I.
12. The Dutch first introduced slavery in the English colonies.
13. The Dutch Republic and its North American colonies promoted free trade, religious toleration, and local political control.
14. The model for England's conquest and colonization of North America was Ireland.
15. Samuel de Champlain explored the St. Lawrence River and founded the French Colony of Quebec.
16. Quakers believe that each individual could be saved by the "Inner Light".
17. One of the primary founders of Rhode Island was Roger Williams.
18. The "lord protector" who led England following the beheading of Charles I was Oliver Cromwell.
19. The early settlers of Jamestown had too many gentlemen ad specialized craftsmen to provide leadership for the colony, the colony was located in a malaria and typhoid infested area, the colonists often faced starvation due to lack of supplies and lack of farming skills and the local Indians were unpredictable and often hostile towards the colonists.
20. The Restoration colonies were proprietary colonies founded by cavalier supporters of Charles II and James II.
21. The following is true of the Massachusetts Bay Colony: -the original colonists were mostly educated, prosperous property owners
-it was founded by English Puritans who created their own joint-stock company
-its colonists were healthier and lived longer than the Virginia Colonists
22. The increase in the English population in New York was slowed because of the autocratic government.
23. The author of The Institutes of the Christian Religion was John Calvin.
24. The coureurs de bois were French fur traders.
26. The Protestant Reformantion argued that a person could find salvation through faith alone.
27. The colony that was established as a Catholic refuge was Maryland.
28. Under the headright system a colonist recieved 50 acres of free land for every person for whom he paid passage to Virginia.
29. The Spanish Armada was destroyed by a combination of 'nimble' English ships and severe weather off the coast of Ireland.
30. Early New England society would best be described as communitarian in nature.
31. The major export from the colony of Pennsylvania was wheat.
32. Calvanists believe a person's salvation or damnation was predestined by God.
33. The staple export of South Carolina by the early eighteenth century was rice.
34. Early colonial population statistics for Virginia and Maryland reveal that most men lived to age 45 while most women died before the age of 40.
35. The colony of New York remained predominantly Dutch in population and culture throughout the seventeenth century.
36. Jamestown was a great failure.
37. By mid-eighteenth century, the most important French colony was St. Dominique (Haiti.)
38. One of the traits that made Quakers unpopular in England was their refusal to do military service.
39. The founder of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, was George Fox.
40. English colonization efforts in Ireland and North America were similar in that in both places the English used harsh tactics, including massacring women and children to subdue the native peoples.
41. Roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts because he believed the king lacked the authority to grant title to Indian lands.
42. Puritans believed that a person's salvation depended on God's covenant of grace.
43. In English Reformation Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and proclaimed himself the 'only supreme head of the Church of England'.
45. The 'half-way covenant' refers to religious concessions made by those who had not had the salvation experience.
46. John Smith is noted for saving the Jamestown Colony by forcing colonists to work.
47. One reason the puritans of early Massachusetts Bay were able to administer their own governmental affairs without royal intrusion was because the charter was relocated to New England.
48. Jamestown was established and settled by a joint stock company.
49. Early Pennsylvania also was referred to as the 'holy experiment'.
50. In the colony of New France fur trading and wheat farming provided the basis for a prosperous economy.
...Read more
2. The primary export of the Virginia Colony was tobacco.
3. The English monarch most responsible for defining the Protestant reformation in England was Elizabeth I.
4. Papal supremacy, veneration of saints, and clerical celibacy were all tenants rejected by the Calvinists.
5. The "jeremiad" was a sermon that lamented religious shortcomings.
6. A Dutch patroonship was a a large estate.
7. The colony of Massachusettes Bay was settled by Quakers.
8. Settlers were attracted to Pennsylvania in large numbers because of religious toleration.
9. Anne Hutchinson was a Puritan woman who was expelled from Massachusetts for claiming that she communicated directly with God.
10. Sir Francis Drake was an English slave trader and pirate who raided Spanish possessions in South America.
11. The monarch who sat on the English throne during early seventeenth century colonization in North America was James I.
12. The Dutch first introduced slavery in the English colonies.
13. The Dutch Republic and its North American colonies promoted free trade, religious toleration, and local political control.
14. The model for England's conquest and colonization of North America was Ireland.
15. Samuel de Champlain explored the St. Lawrence River and founded the French Colony of Quebec.
16. Quakers believe that each individual could be saved by the "Inner Light".
17. One of the primary founders of Rhode Island was Roger Williams.
18. The "lord protector" who led England following the beheading of Charles I was Oliver Cromwell.
19. The early settlers of Jamestown had too many gentlemen ad specialized craftsmen to provide leadership for the colony, the colony was located in a malaria and typhoid infested area, the colonists often faced starvation due to lack of supplies and lack of farming skills and the local Indians were unpredictable and often hostile towards the colonists.
20. The Restoration colonies were proprietary colonies founded by cavalier supporters of Charles II and James II.
21. The following is true of the Massachusetts Bay Colony: -the original colonists were mostly educated, prosperous property owners
-it was founded by English Puritans who created their own joint-stock company
-its colonists were healthier and lived longer than the Virginia Colonists
22. The increase in the English population in New York was slowed because of the autocratic government.
23. The author of The Institutes of the Christian Religion was John Calvin.
24. The coureurs de bois were French fur traders.
26. The Protestant Reformantion argued that a person could find salvation through faith alone.
27. The colony that was established as a Catholic refuge was Maryland.
28. Under the headright system a colonist recieved 50 acres of free land for every person for whom he paid passage to Virginia.
29. The Spanish Armada was destroyed by a combination of 'nimble' English ships and severe weather off the coast of Ireland.
30. Early New England society would best be described as communitarian in nature.
31. The major export from the colony of Pennsylvania was wheat.
32. Calvanists believe a person's salvation or damnation was predestined by God.
33. The staple export of South Carolina by the early eighteenth century was rice.
34. Early colonial population statistics for Virginia and Maryland reveal that most men lived to age 45 while most women died before the age of 40.
35. The colony of New York remained predominantly Dutch in population and culture throughout the seventeenth century.
36. Jamestown was a great failure.
37. By mid-eighteenth century, the most important French colony was St. Dominique (Haiti.)
38. One of the traits that made Quakers unpopular in England was their refusal to do military service.
39. The founder of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, was George Fox.
40. English colonization efforts in Ireland and North America were similar in that in both places the English used harsh tactics, including massacring women and children to subdue the native peoples.
41. Roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts because he believed the king lacked the authority to grant title to Indian lands.
42. Puritans believed that a person's salvation depended on God's covenant of grace.
43. In English Reformation Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and proclaimed himself the 'only supreme head of the Church of England'.
45. The 'half-way covenant' refers to religious concessions made by those who had not had the salvation experience.
46. John Smith is noted for saving the Jamestown Colony by forcing colonists to work.
47. One reason the puritans of early Massachusetts Bay were able to administer their own governmental affairs without royal intrusion was because the charter was relocated to New England.
48. Jamestown was established and settled by a joint stock company.
49. Early Pennsylvania also was referred to as the 'holy experiment'.
50. In the colony of New France fur trading and wheat farming provided the basis for a prosperous economy.
...Read more
Wednesday, September 24, 2008
Terms and Names: Chapter 3 & 4
1. Mercantilism: a country’s power is derived from its wealth, increasing wealth requires vigorous trade, and colonies are essential to that growth. AKA the idea of unending growth. Favorable balance of trade: gold enters and goods exit.
2. Navigation Acts: 1651- First Navigation Act- made by parliament to hurt Dutch economy, required English crops to be sent only to England or English colonies on ships that were England/English Colony made, had ½ English crew and master. 1660- Second Navigation Act- made by restoration government, same only ship crews had to be ¾ English, and enumerated commodities had restrictions.
3. Enumerated Commodities: sugar, tobacco and other products which could be shipped only to England or other English colonies, with the purpose of England having a monopoly on English colony produced tobacco and sugar, the highest fetching products.
4. Staple Act of 1663: Parliament regulates the goods going to the colonies, often everything had to come through England from foreign countries before going to the colonies.
5. Lords of Trade: English government officials sent to America to enforce Navigation Acts.
6. Demographic Differences: colonies that were farthest apart were the most different, most pronounced differences: life expectancy, sex ration & family structure.
7. Praying Towns: a series of seven towns along the coast which housed Indian survivors of disease in 1670s, created by John Eliot of Roxbury Church, they were converted to Christianity.
8. King Philip’s (Metacom’s) War: (1675) War begun between Plymouth and Wampanogs but which escalates to include Massachusetts and Connecticut as well as the Nargasett tribe. Really bad, massacres on both sides, Indians better shots. Completed with a load of massacres by the Mohawks and some religious babble by the Europeans.
9. Iroquois Nations: five nations of North Eastern Indian tribes forming the Iroquois League which vowed not to wage war on one another. They had a friendly relationship with New York governor, Edmund Andrus
10. The Covenant Chain: a peace agreement between the five Iroquois Nations and the colonial New York.
11. Mourning Wars: wars between tribes or within tribes initiated by the widow, bereaved mother or sister of a deceased loved one who insisted her male relatives repair the loss. A raid was then launched on the assailants and captives were taken.
12. Susquehannocks: strong, Iroguoian-speaking people with firearms, involved in Virigian Indian War after mistakenly attacked as Doegs.
13. William Berkely: Virginian governor who governed during war with the Doegs and Sushquehannocks.
14. Bacon’s Rebellion: Nathaniel Bacon leads a group of frontiersmen to find the Susquehannocks and finds a friendly tribe of Occaneechees, who offer to attack S’s. They do, take captives, then Bacon kills them.
15. James II: (1685-1688) Duke of York, succeeds Charles II, is deposed in the Glorious Revolution by Protestant opposition and replaced by William and Mary, imposed crack down on American, making more imperial
16. Whigs and Tories: Whigs are pro-country, opposition to the king, opposed standing army, wanted reform of parliament, largely protestant, organized by Lord Shaftsbury. Tories are pro-court, advocate increase in war making capabilities, a standing army, sided with James II, supported Lords of Trade, wanted the legitimate succession.
17. Popish Plot: belief by the Whigs that the papacy was conspiring with James II and Tories for Catholics to take over the world, by gaining advantage in powerful positions over protestants.
18. Glorious Revolution: (1688) deposition of James II by Whig majority in parliament replaced by William and Mary.
19. William and Mary: (1609-1702) Dutch regents who were put on the English throne after Glorious Revolution, protestant, signed the English Bill of Rights.
20. Dominion of New England: (1686) James II trying to control whole of New England. Dominion includes Massachusettes, New Hampshire, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Conneticutt, New York and East and West Jerseys. Edmund Andros (autocratic governor of NY) used appointive council and moving court to govern, imposed religious tolerance- puritans tolerate Anglicans- enforced Navigation Acts and land taxes.
21. Salem Witch Trials: (1692-93) Daughters of prominent Salem officials, including governor, Paris, accused old era opponents of new government of witchcraft. Largely resulted from chaos of Metacom’s War.
22. Mixed and Balanced Constitution: kings, lords, commons- reflects society, had a sort of limit of power. In the colonies, king=crown-appointed governor, lords=appointed assembly, and commons=elected assembly.
23. Imperial Federalism: Central government with more localized governments doing smaller things, the crown wants more control. Used system of kings, lords, and commons.
24. Edmund Andros: (1674-89) autocratic governor of New York, in 1686, governor of Dominion of New England
25. Jacob Leisler: 1689 led rebellion which captured Fort James and renamed it Fort William, Protestant.
26. Sir Robert Walpole: (1721-42) leader of Whig party opposed by conservative Whigs and Tories.
27. Taos Pueblo Revolt: prolonged drought and outside attacks from Indians made Pueblo Indians return to non-christian religion, rebelled against Spanish repressors, led by Pope, medicine man, (1675), were fairly victorious, but failed to stop droughts/attacks so were again conquered in 90s.
28. New France and the Middle Ground: 1600s France dealings with Indians. They were much more accommodating of Indian traditions, methods, which made Indians trust them more, using Algonquin shield against the Iroquois.
29. La Salle: 1682 Rene-Robert Cavelier traveled down Mississippi and claims Louisiana.
30. Louisianna: claimed in 1682 by La Salle, French.
31. Primogeniture: common law right of first born son to inherit majority, reverted to in America after increasing populations forced Americans to anglicanize
32. King William’s War: (1689-97) Sir William Phips (Mass) forced Acadia to surrender, went to attack Quebec, but failed. Basically France v. England.
33. Queen Anne’s War: (1702-13) French and Indians destroy Deerfield, Mass, capture; many women converted and stayed with French, French v English.
34. gang labor: tobacco plantation method of organizing slaves into groups, supervising closely, and keeping in fields all day.
35. task system: used with rice plantations, in the south, slaves have certain chores every day, then free time their own.
36. Charleston: founded (1663) by Lords Proprietor, eight friends of Charles II, in South Carolina.
37. Staple crop: aka cash crop used for export, not sustenance, ie tobacco, sugar, rice, wheat.
38. redemptioners: a new form of indentured service that was attractive to married couples- allowed them to pick their “master”. Most in Pennsylvania.
39. Benjamin Franklin: (1706-90) “the first civilized American.” Printing press, enlightenment ideas, called for unification of colonies at Albany Assembly.
40. James Oglethorpe: (1732) obtains charter for Georgia colony and leads that effort. Retaliates against Spanish during War of Jenkin’s Ear to fufill Georgia’s obligation to protect South Carolina by invading Florida in 1740.
41. Great Awakening: (mid-1730s to early 1740s) immense religious revival in protestant world: England, Scotland, Ulster, New England, mid-Atlantic colonies, South Carolina. Emotional calls for spiritual rebirth. Results in increased Baptist and Methodist numbers.
42. Eliza Lucas Pinckney: pioneered indigo industry in South Carolina.
43. Hanoverian Dynasty: the Georges- George I (1714) and II.
44. Paper Money (Fiat): used in place of gold. Loved by debtors, hated by lenders, because often fluctuates, depreciates in value. Implemented in colonial America.
45. John Peter Zenger: launched New York Weekly Journal in 1733. Acquitted of “seditious libel” for criticizing government officials
46. Guy Fawkes’ Day: November 5th, every year a North End mob and a South End mob bloodied each other for the privilege of burning effigies of the pope, the devil and the Stuart pretender to the British throne.
47. Scots-Irish: mostly from Ulster, 1720+ left for America to avoid increase in rent, greater trading privileges, first to New England: intro’d linen, then South Delaware valley.
48. George Whitefield: first in theater, then Anglican minister, gave powerful, emotional speeches, instrumental in Revivals, preached in open fields.
49. anglicizing of colonial America: (mid 1700s) Because of increasing population, the colonists were forced to revert to British techniques such as the first son inheriting the majority, higher dependence on British imports, gentry, fashion, mansions newspapers.
50. The old South: slavery integral to development of a society consisting of wealthy slaveholding planters, a much larger class of small planters, and thousands of slaves.
51. Growth of slavery: 1755 = peak of African slave trade to North America. 90% went to southern colonies.
52. Pluralism in Pennsylvania: ethnic and religious complexity resulting from the high immigration rates. After 1720, Germans and Irish were most abundant immigrants.
53. Backcountry: many Scots-Irish and Germans pushed west into the mountains, river valleys of Virginia and Carolinas. Many farmed, hunted or raised cattle. Had very little anglicizing, and was clannish and violent.
54. Enlightenment in America: rejected vengeful God, exalted man’s capacity for knowledge and social improvement. Tilotson influential- morality over dogma. Most Harvard graduated ministers embraced this view, that of no hell or divinity of Jesus.
55. John Wesley: founder of Holy Club: High Church (into orthodoxy, ritual and liturgy) who did crazy things, ie were methodical in their religious practices, and were referred to as Methodists. Preached in America and Europe, life mission: to convert sinners.
56. Gilbert Tennent: son of William Tennent, Sr. Set up Log College- trained evangelical preachers. (1740) Sermon: The Dangers of an Unconverted Ministry. Firm believer in conversion experience over orthodoxy.
57. Jonathon Edwards: only remaining Protstant/Non-Anglican member of Yale faculty in 1722. 1734-35 Revival in Connecticut, ended with suicide of follower because of sins’ burden. Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God (1737) explained revival as emotional response to God’s word bringing sudden conversion.
58. Country Constitutions: the southern colonies’ “politics of harmony” system with mutual flattery between the elected assembly and governor. Resulted in cessation of public controversy. Followed “country” principles of British opposition.
59. Court Constitutions: the northern colonies’ system of political factions, with governors using patronage to reward/discipline to achieve their large vision of public welfare.
60. Native American Trade: colonists along the frontier traded with Native Americans, often to maintain friendly relations with them. During the mid-1700s, it was more favorable for the Native Americans to trade with the British because their goods were of the same quality but less expensive than those of the French. This, in part, led to the French-Indian War.
61. Stono Rebellion: (1739) most violent slave revolt in history of 13 colonies, inspired by Spanish Florida offering British colony slaves liberty and Mose. South Carolina.
62. War of Jenkin’s Ear: (1739) Britain v. Spain- nobody really accomplished anything, but British colonies gained some patriotism. Georgia invades Florida.
63. King George’s War: (1744-48) France v. Britain- started with British victory, but gave way to defeat. Ended by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
64. Breaking the Covenant Chain: previous alliances between British colonies and Iroquois Nations were not kept up, and intrusions by British on Mohawk land led to “cold shoulder” incident, where talks were completely ceased.
65. Albany Congress: (1754) intercolonial congress to redress Iroquois grievances.
66. French and Indian War (Seven Years War): (1754-63) between France/Indians, England. Result of British conquest west of Mississippi
67. Role of Native Americans: integral to success of French during French and Indian War, because of superior fighting techniques.
68. Edward Braddock: British professional commander sent to North America who tried to cross the mountains to attack the French fort on the Ohio River.
69. Govenor Shirly: governor of Massachusetts (1741-56). Commanded the British armed forces in America in the French-Indian War. Led the forced-expulsion of French from Acadia.
70. Battle of Lake George: (1755) French under Dieskau defeated by British under Johnson.
71. Battle of Quebec: (1759) British forces under Wolfe successfully repel French forces under Montcalm, though both officers are mortally wounded. European style fighting.
72. William Pitt: (1757) British war minister, understood colonies, didn’t coerce, used consent, worked out rank problems, imposed discipline on Colonists, gave monetary incentive for colonies to help war effort
73. Peace of Paris: 1763 peace agreement signed to end Seven Years War/ French Indian War. British dominated outside of Europe.
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2. Navigation Acts: 1651- First Navigation Act- made by parliament to hurt Dutch economy, required English crops to be sent only to England or English colonies on ships that were England/English Colony made, had ½ English crew and master. 1660- Second Navigation Act- made by restoration government, same only ship crews had to be ¾ English, and enumerated commodities had restrictions.
3. Enumerated Commodities: sugar, tobacco and other products which could be shipped only to England or other English colonies, with the purpose of England having a monopoly on English colony produced tobacco and sugar, the highest fetching products.
4. Staple Act of 1663: Parliament regulates the goods going to the colonies, often everything had to come through England from foreign countries before going to the colonies.
5. Lords of Trade: English government officials sent to America to enforce Navigation Acts.
6. Demographic Differences: colonies that were farthest apart were the most different, most pronounced differences: life expectancy, sex ration & family structure.
7. Praying Towns: a series of seven towns along the coast which housed Indian survivors of disease in 1670s, created by John Eliot of Roxbury Church, they were converted to Christianity.
8. King Philip’s (Metacom’s) War: (1675) War begun between Plymouth and Wampanogs but which escalates to include Massachusetts and Connecticut as well as the Nargasett tribe. Really bad, massacres on both sides, Indians better shots. Completed with a load of massacres by the Mohawks and some religious babble by the Europeans.
9. Iroquois Nations: five nations of North Eastern Indian tribes forming the Iroquois League which vowed not to wage war on one another. They had a friendly relationship with New York governor, Edmund Andrus
10. The Covenant Chain: a peace agreement between the five Iroquois Nations and the colonial New York.
11. Mourning Wars: wars between tribes or within tribes initiated by the widow, bereaved mother or sister of a deceased loved one who insisted her male relatives repair the loss. A raid was then launched on the assailants and captives were taken.
12. Susquehannocks: strong, Iroguoian-speaking people with firearms, involved in Virigian Indian War after mistakenly attacked as Doegs.
13. William Berkely: Virginian governor who governed during war with the Doegs and Sushquehannocks.
14. Bacon’s Rebellion: Nathaniel Bacon leads a group of frontiersmen to find the Susquehannocks and finds a friendly tribe of Occaneechees, who offer to attack S’s. They do, take captives, then Bacon kills them.
15. James II: (1685-1688) Duke of York, succeeds Charles II, is deposed in the Glorious Revolution by Protestant opposition and replaced by William and Mary, imposed crack down on American, making more imperial
16. Whigs and Tories: Whigs are pro-country, opposition to the king, opposed standing army, wanted reform of parliament, largely protestant, organized by Lord Shaftsbury. Tories are pro-court, advocate increase in war making capabilities, a standing army, sided with James II, supported Lords of Trade, wanted the legitimate succession.
17. Popish Plot: belief by the Whigs that the papacy was conspiring with James II and Tories for Catholics to take over the world, by gaining advantage in powerful positions over protestants.
18. Glorious Revolution: (1688) deposition of James II by Whig majority in parliament replaced by William and Mary.
19. William and Mary: (1609-1702) Dutch regents who were put on the English throne after Glorious Revolution, protestant, signed the English Bill of Rights.
20. Dominion of New England: (1686) James II trying to control whole of New England. Dominion includes Massachusettes, New Hampshire, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Conneticutt, New York and East and West Jerseys. Edmund Andros (autocratic governor of NY) used appointive council and moving court to govern, imposed religious tolerance- puritans tolerate Anglicans- enforced Navigation Acts and land taxes.
21. Salem Witch Trials: (1692-93) Daughters of prominent Salem officials, including governor, Paris, accused old era opponents of new government of witchcraft. Largely resulted from chaos of Metacom’s War.
22. Mixed and Balanced Constitution: kings, lords, commons- reflects society, had a sort of limit of power. In the colonies, king=crown-appointed governor, lords=appointed assembly, and commons=elected assembly.
23. Imperial Federalism: Central government with more localized governments doing smaller things, the crown wants more control. Used system of kings, lords, and commons.
24. Edmund Andros: (1674-89) autocratic governor of New York, in 1686, governor of Dominion of New England
25. Jacob Leisler: 1689 led rebellion which captured Fort James and renamed it Fort William, Protestant.
26. Sir Robert Walpole: (1721-42) leader of Whig party opposed by conservative Whigs and Tories.
27. Taos Pueblo Revolt: prolonged drought and outside attacks from Indians made Pueblo Indians return to non-christian religion, rebelled against Spanish repressors, led by Pope, medicine man, (1675), were fairly victorious, but failed to stop droughts/attacks so were again conquered in 90s.
28. New France and the Middle Ground: 1600s France dealings with Indians. They were much more accommodating of Indian traditions, methods, which made Indians trust them more, using Algonquin shield against the Iroquois.
29. La Salle: 1682 Rene-Robert Cavelier traveled down Mississippi and claims Louisiana.
30. Louisianna: claimed in 1682 by La Salle, French.
31. Primogeniture: common law right of first born son to inherit majority, reverted to in America after increasing populations forced Americans to anglicanize
32. King William’s War: (1689-97) Sir William Phips (Mass) forced Acadia to surrender, went to attack Quebec, but failed. Basically France v. England.
33. Queen Anne’s War: (1702-13) French and Indians destroy Deerfield, Mass, capture; many women converted and stayed with French, French v English.
34. gang labor: tobacco plantation method of organizing slaves into groups, supervising closely, and keeping in fields all day.
35. task system: used with rice plantations, in the south, slaves have certain chores every day, then free time their own.
36. Charleston: founded (1663) by Lords Proprietor, eight friends of Charles II, in South Carolina.
37. Staple crop: aka cash crop used for export, not sustenance, ie tobacco, sugar, rice, wheat.
38. redemptioners: a new form of indentured service that was attractive to married couples- allowed them to pick their “master”. Most in Pennsylvania.
39. Benjamin Franklin: (1706-90) “the first civilized American.” Printing press, enlightenment ideas, called for unification of colonies at Albany Assembly.
40. James Oglethorpe: (1732) obtains charter for Georgia colony and leads that effort. Retaliates against Spanish during War of Jenkin’s Ear to fufill Georgia’s obligation to protect South Carolina by invading Florida in 1740.
41. Great Awakening: (mid-1730s to early 1740s) immense religious revival in protestant world: England, Scotland, Ulster, New England, mid-Atlantic colonies, South Carolina. Emotional calls for spiritual rebirth. Results in increased Baptist and Methodist numbers.
42. Eliza Lucas Pinckney: pioneered indigo industry in South Carolina.
43. Hanoverian Dynasty: the Georges- George I (1714) and II.
44. Paper Money (Fiat): used in place of gold. Loved by debtors, hated by lenders, because often fluctuates, depreciates in value. Implemented in colonial America.
45. John Peter Zenger: launched New York Weekly Journal in 1733. Acquitted of “seditious libel” for criticizing government officials
46. Guy Fawkes’ Day: November 5th, every year a North End mob and a South End mob bloodied each other for the privilege of burning effigies of the pope, the devil and the Stuart pretender to the British throne.
47. Scots-Irish: mostly from Ulster, 1720+ left for America to avoid increase in rent, greater trading privileges, first to New England: intro’d linen, then South Delaware valley.
48. George Whitefield: first in theater, then Anglican minister, gave powerful, emotional speeches, instrumental in Revivals, preached in open fields.
49. anglicizing of colonial America: (mid 1700s) Because of increasing population, the colonists were forced to revert to British techniques such as the first son inheriting the majority, higher dependence on British imports, gentry, fashion, mansions newspapers.
50. The old South: slavery integral to development of a society consisting of wealthy slaveholding planters, a much larger class of small planters, and thousands of slaves.
51. Growth of slavery: 1755 = peak of African slave trade to North America. 90% went to southern colonies.
52. Pluralism in Pennsylvania: ethnic and religious complexity resulting from the high immigration rates. After 1720, Germans and Irish were most abundant immigrants.
53. Backcountry: many Scots-Irish and Germans pushed west into the mountains, river valleys of Virginia and Carolinas. Many farmed, hunted or raised cattle. Had very little anglicizing, and was clannish and violent.
54. Enlightenment in America: rejected vengeful God, exalted man’s capacity for knowledge and social improvement. Tilotson influential- morality over dogma. Most Harvard graduated ministers embraced this view, that of no hell or divinity of Jesus.
55. John Wesley: founder of Holy Club: High Church (into orthodoxy, ritual and liturgy) who did crazy things, ie were methodical in their religious practices, and were referred to as Methodists. Preached in America and Europe, life mission: to convert sinners.
56. Gilbert Tennent: son of William Tennent, Sr. Set up Log College- trained evangelical preachers. (1740) Sermon: The Dangers of an Unconverted Ministry. Firm believer in conversion experience over orthodoxy.
57. Jonathon Edwards: only remaining Protstant/Non-Anglican member of Yale faculty in 1722. 1734-35 Revival in Connecticut, ended with suicide of follower because of sins’ burden. Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God (1737) explained revival as emotional response to God’s word bringing sudden conversion.
58. Country Constitutions: the southern colonies’ “politics of harmony” system with mutual flattery between the elected assembly and governor. Resulted in cessation of public controversy. Followed “country” principles of British opposition.
59. Court Constitutions: the northern colonies’ system of political factions, with governors using patronage to reward/discipline to achieve their large vision of public welfare.
60. Native American Trade: colonists along the frontier traded with Native Americans, often to maintain friendly relations with them. During the mid-1700s, it was more favorable for the Native Americans to trade with the British because their goods were of the same quality but less expensive than those of the French. This, in part, led to the French-Indian War.
61. Stono Rebellion: (1739) most violent slave revolt in history of 13 colonies, inspired by Spanish Florida offering British colony slaves liberty and Mose. South Carolina.
62. War of Jenkin’s Ear: (1739) Britain v. Spain- nobody really accomplished anything, but British colonies gained some patriotism. Georgia invades Florida.
63. King George’s War: (1744-48) France v. Britain- started with British victory, but gave way to defeat. Ended by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
64. Breaking the Covenant Chain: previous alliances between British colonies and Iroquois Nations were not kept up, and intrusions by British on Mohawk land led to “cold shoulder” incident, where talks were completely ceased.
65. Albany Congress: (1754) intercolonial congress to redress Iroquois grievances.
66. French and Indian War (Seven Years War): (1754-63) between France/Indians, England. Result of British conquest west of Mississippi
67. Role of Native Americans: integral to success of French during French and Indian War, because of superior fighting techniques.
68. Edward Braddock: British professional commander sent to North America who tried to cross the mountains to attack the French fort on the Ohio River.
69. Govenor Shirly: governor of Massachusetts (1741-56). Commanded the British armed forces in America in the French-Indian War. Led the forced-expulsion of French from Acadia.
70. Battle of Lake George: (1755) French under Dieskau defeated by British under Johnson.
71. Battle of Quebec: (1759) British forces under Wolfe successfully repel French forces under Montcalm, though both officers are mortally wounded. European style fighting.
72. William Pitt: (1757) British war minister, understood colonies, didn’t coerce, used consent, worked out rank problems, imposed discipline on Colonists, gave monetary incentive for colonies to help war effort
73. Peace of Paris: 1763 peace agreement signed to end Seven Years War/ French Indian War. British dominated outside of Europe.
...Read more
Unit One Assistance
Ok, so Kellie and I are trying to figure out how to link the CD chapter usefulness... but it's not working over there in the Linky bar gadget thing to my right, so I'll just post them here. Here's the links for UNIT ONE:
I dunno if it's going to work...
Edit: IT DOES!
Edit2: I got the links to work in the side bar too, so either way!
Also, here's Tucker's description of this Unit:
Unit I: Colonial Era
Reading: Murrin Ch. 1-4 (170 pages)
Included in Folder:
1. Outlines in murrin
2. Free response outlines
3. Handouts/Notes
4. Timed writings and quizzes
5. Critical Review- Lies My Teacher Told Me and Killer Angels
6. Position Paper #1
I dunno if it's going to work...
Edit: IT DOES!
Edit2: I got the links to work in the side bar too, so either way!
Also, here's Tucker's description of this Unit:
Unit I: Colonial Era
Reading: Murrin Ch. 1-4 (170 pages)
Included in Folder:
1. Outlines in murrin
2. Free response outlines
3. Handouts/Notes
4. Timed writings and quizzes
5. Critical Review- Lies My Teacher Told Me and Killer Angels
6. Position Paper #1
Chapter the First
I thought I'd make a list of the CRAP we're going to have to turn in by the test next MONDAY, September 29th.
:D
- Notes of some sort or another on chapters 2, 3, 4.
- Worksheet: "Settlement of the New England Colonies"
- Map: "The Thirteen Colonies"
- Worksheet: "French and Indian War (1754-1763)"
:D
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