Terms & Names: Chapter 17

Proclamation of Reconstruction: Dec 1863 Once 10 percent of a state’s white male population aged 21 or older had taken oath, the state could be readmitted to union

Amnesty and Whiskey Ring: Dec 1863 Offered pardon to southern whites who took an oath of allegiance to the United States and accepted the abolition of slavery/ scandal by which Grant Administration took a lot of flack

William Marcy Tweed: "Boss Tweed," NY Democrat, convicted of x-core stealing from tax payers via corruption. Served in house and senate. Died in jail.

Credit Mobilier: designed to limit the liability of stockholders and maximize profits from construction of Union Pacific Railroad, but ended up bankrupting a whole bunch of people, example of "gaft," stole a bunch from govnt. Attempts to use to attack railroad.

Thaddeus Stevens: led radical republicans in House

Radical Republicans: Stevens in House, Sumner in Senate, wanted voting rights and property distribution to freed slaves, refused to admit S. representatives and senators until reforms were enacted Wade-Davis Reconstruction Bill passed by Congress in July 1864

Charles Sumner: led Radical Republicans in Senate

Pendleton Act: established system of civil service in 1883, form of civil service reform

Treaty of Washington: 1871 - settle Alabama claims, international tribunal to arbitrate the claims, est. precedent for peaceful settlement of disputes, U.S. awarded $15.5 million in damages and British expression of regret, helped resolve disputes over American commercial fishing in Canadian waters

Wade-Davis Bill: July 1864, more stringent loyalty requirements on southern whites, no provision for black enfranchisement, Lincoln vetoed, split Republican Party, threatened Lincoln’s reelection chances

Black Codes: Fall of 1865, prevented blacks from testifying against whites in court, excluded blacks from juries and the ballot box, banned interracial marriage, punished blacks more severely than whites for certain crimes, angered N. Republicans

Freedmen's Bureau:Congress created Freedmen’s Bureau in Mar 1865, oversaw relations between former slaves and owners, supervised free-labor wage contracts between landowners and freedpeople, issued food rations, S. whites viewed Freedmen’s Bureau with hostility, alleviated the postwar devastation and chaos in the South

Carpetbagger: N. who went South to work, encouraged black vote, earned southern enmity, held a lot of political offices in S., Union army officers as Freedmen’s Bureau agents, teachers in black schools, or business investors, wanted free labor S., invested in S.

Scalawags: S. Republicans, upcountry Unionist areas, or former Whigs, Dems sought to destroy Republican coalition by exploiting black-white differences, socially ostracizing white Republicans, and economically intimidating black employees and sharecroppers

Sharecropper: black family worked a particular piece of land in return for a share of the crop produced on it

"Negro Rule": part of S. attempts to intimidate black voters,

"40 Acres and a mule": idea tossed around as the Union forces were chillaxing in the south, because a bunch of S. plantation owners had fled, and there was all this land and mules sitting about, so the Union thought maybe they could hook up the former slaves, but then Grant was a dumb face and gave the land back, so sorry former slaves, you're basically enslaved again, via the sharecropping system.

Fourteenth Amendment: June 1866, defined blacks as citizens, prohibited states from abridging rights of citizens or denying them their rights without due process, prescribed voting rights for blacks or sanctions would be imposed

Reconstruction of Acts of 1867: Congress implemented compromise between radicals and moderates in Mar, divided 10 southern states into 5 military districts, army officers to register voters for election of delegates to new constitutional conventions, enfranchised males aged 21 and older, including blacks, to vote in these elections, limits on participation of ex-Confederates in these elections

Tenure of Office Act: 1867 senate had to approve appointments and such made by the president to his cabinet, misconstrued by Congress to be a big deal and attempt to impeach Johnson in 1868.

Andrew Johnson: prez, super sympathetic to the south, pretty bigoted, was almost impeached, etc.

Edwin M. Stanton: secretary of war, Johnson attempted to remove in 1867, and inspired the impeachment attempt

Mississippi Plan: whereby the S. Dems attempted to take Mississippi by intimidating all blacks not to vote and getting most Republicans to switch to Dem, Grant sacrificed Mississippi for Ohio.

Ku Klux Klan: control the black population, destroy the Republican Party by terrorizing its voters and, if necessary, murdering its leaders, Congress passed three laws to deal with mounting southern violence

"Bulldozing": intimidation of black voters in Mississippi and elsewhere to destroy Republican vote

Hamburg Massacre: S. Carolina, dispute over free passage on a public road, this racially motivated incident concluded with the death of seven men. It launched the furious 1876 Democratic campaign for South Carolina's redemption,

Fifteenth Amendment: Prohibited states from denying right to vote on grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, designed to prevent reconstructed states from any future revocation of black suffrage, extend equal suffrage to border states and to the north

"Bayonet Rule": idea that Fed troops could/should go into S. to quell racial violence/disputes.

Ulysses S. Grant: 1868, elected as Republican with ideas or whatever, largely considered a failure because of scandals, etc, mostly just apathetic, won again in 1872.

Samuel J. Tilden: 1876 D. Presidential candidate, reformer

Rutherford B. Hayes: 1876 R. Presidential candidate, reformer

Compromise of 1877: federal support for internal improvements and railroad construction in south, also hinted at appointment of southerner as postmaster general, who would have significant patronage power, agreed to end “bayonet rule” in southern states where federal troops still stationed, in exchange, Hayes asked for--and received--promises of fair treatment for freedpeople and respect for their constitutional rights

Jay Cooke: His banking firm, from the marketing of Union war bonds, took over the Northern Pacific in 1869. His firm was the first to go bankrupt in the Panic of 1873

Colfax Massacre: white republicans attacked Colfax courthouse and killed a bunch of black freedmen, but not any white republicans. Coincidence? I think not.

Horace Greely: anhialated by Grant in the 1872 elections, Dem.

National Union Party: created by Johnson in attempt to get people together and stuff against black rights and fourteenth amendment; epic fail
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