- Bosses who ran political machines engaged in widespread election fraud.
- Electricity made possible the construction of the first subways in the city of New York.
- Robert Hunter published the book Poverty in 1904.
- The business leader who was so ruthless in assembling the Standard Oil Corporation and in crushing his competition that he became one of the most reviled of the robber barons was John D. Rockafeller.
- Skyscrapers were made possible by the use of steel framework.
- The post-1880 "new immigrants" were regarded as being racially inferior, incapable of assimilating to American values and traditions, and culturally impoverished.
- Machine bosses won the loyalty of urban voters--especially immigrants--through helping newly arrived immigrants obtain jobs (often on city payrolls), occasionally providing food, fuel, or clothing to families in dire need, and providing poor neighborhoods with paved roads and sewer systems.
- Social Darwinists believed that society developed according to the principle of "survival of the fittest."
- Most of the mass immigration to America was propelled by economic hardship.
- Young women responded to the post-Victorian period and the new, liberated climate of the 1890s by discarding their corsets.
- Henry Ford unveiled a car that was reliable and affordable to most Americans; it was called a model-T.
- The most significant change in American corporate structure in the late 19th Century was the growth of corporations.
- Formulas for increasing efficiency and reducing waste were often far less scientific than developers claimed, willingness of workers to play the mechanical role assigned to them was overestimate, and the fact that studies were costly were reasons the introduction of scientific management practices rarely proceeded smoothly.
- Black farmers were exploited by landowners who often forced them to accept artificially low prices for their crops, they risked retaliation for traveling elsewhere to sell their crops, and landowners charged high prices for seed, tools, and groceries at the local stores that they controlled.
- "Nickelodeons" only cost a nickel, movie-goers needed no knowledge of English to understand what was happening on the "silent screen," and lasted only fifteen minutes--therefore requiring little leisure time to watch.
- Buyers and sellers separated by thousands of miles were able to maintain constant communications due to a national network of telegraph lines.
- Ford doubled the average manufacturing wage then prevalent in American industry when he raised the wage of his assembly line workers to $5 a day.
- Each ethnic group of immigrants in America quickly established a network of new institutions, such as fraternal societies, that gave them a sense of community, by making small loans, providing members with death benefits, and serving as centers of sociability.
- Ford Motors experienced managerial efforts to speed production induced physical exhaustion, workers repeated a single motion all day long, inducing mental stupor, workers expressed their dissatisfaction by quitting.
- Andrew Carnegie and J. P. Morgan merged two hundred separate companies and formed United States Steel.
- Two of the most important new technologies of the early twentieth century were the invention of the gasoline-powered internal combustion engine and the harnessing of electricity.
- "Time and motion" studies were used by management to achieve the highest worker speed and efficiency.
Thursday, February 26, 2009
Chapter 20 Info
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Terms & Names: Chapter 20
Thomas Edison: Inventor, created modern light bulb. Helped create AC current to send electricity over long distances.
American Federation of Labor (AFL): Organized skilled workers by craft. Prejudiced against immigrants and blacks. Had limited success. Headed by Samuel Gompers.
Samuel Gompers: President of the AFL. Business unionism. Elected President for every year that he was alive.
J. P. Morgan: Skilled investment banker. Helped create the United States Steel Corporation.
Henry Ford: Created the Model T Ford, responsible for Ford creation, and much of the American middle class. Created the automobile society that the US would become. Adopted Taylorism effectively in the form of scientific management and assembly lines.
Model T: Affordable and reliable car made by Ford. Very accessible by the whole nation.
Andrew Carnegie: Fashioned the US Steel Corporation with the help of J. P. Morgan, the biggest merger in steel. Created the “Gospel of Wealth” philosophy. Funded music halls, colleges, and many libraries.
United States Steel Corporation: Created in 1901 by Morgan and Carnegie, largest steel corporation in the US, controlled 60% of the country’s steel making capability. Injured or killed many immigrant workers.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW): Union that many immigrants joined because they were rejected by the AFL and other unions. Wanted to do away with organization by craft, and create “one big union”. Anti- collective bargaining.
“Big Bill” Haywood: Head of the IWW, created it in 1905. Frequented Greenwich village, where he was idolized as a working class hero.
Ludlow Massacre: 1913, in Ludlow, Colorado. Private security and militia broke up a UMW strike. The strikers set up tents in front of the mine, police fire into one of the tents and killed 66 people.
Scientific Management: An effort to apply scientific principles and techniques to management strategies. Pioneered by Taylor and Ford.
Fredrick Winslow Taylor: Chief engineer at Midvale Steel Co., helped to create scientific management with the “Principles of Scientific Management” (1911) Taylorism influenced many corporations.
Gospel of Wealth: Spread by Carnegie, any income above necessities goes into helping the community.
Nickelodeon: Movies that lasted about 15 minutes and cost a nickel. Very popular with poor and immigrant workers, who had little time, money, or English abilities.
Theda Bara: Actress, first modern sex symbol. Starred in Cleopatra.
Greenwich Village: Neighborhood in lower Manhattan that was a haven for radicals and free thinkers. Center of Feminism and class warfare.
Margaret Sanger: Feminist Social Activist. Promoted birth control, and women’s sexuality for pleasure and sexual release. Was taken to court for spreading her message through the mail.
Social Darwinism: Belief that applied the forces governing the natural world to those of the rules that govern human society. Those who succeeded were the strongest and best. Thus, the rich and powerful Anglo Saxons were superior.
“New Immigrants”: Immigrants after 1880, many from Italy, Russia, Slavic Europe. They were regarded as inferior, even though they were very similar to the old immigrants. This was partly because of their different languages and religion. Most came as a temporary solution, and to send money home. They came for the better economic situation, or for freedom from religious persecution, and did not see the US as a permanent home.
Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire: 1911, fire broke out on the top floor of the factory. There were no fire escapes and the owners locked the doors to keep the employees working. 146 died in the flames.
Theodore Roosevelt: Athletocentric and sexist old bastard. Propagated the Strenuous Life philosophy, influenced many with this. Also believed that it was only men who should be athletic, and women should be devoted to reproduction, and all have at least 4 children.
“The Strenuous Life”: Belief that people should be athletic and outdoorsy. This reflected the public dissatisfaction in the regimented corporate world. Ended up empowering women.
John D. Rockefeller: Robber Baron who never flaunted his wealth, but used incredibly cutthroat methods, gaining him a lot of hatred in the public eye. He tried to counteract this by becoming a philanthropist, and spent $500 million for such causes. He donated to the University of Chicago, Medical research Center, etc. etc. He was still criticized for this, some believing it was just to exert his control in such areas.
Union Mine Workers: Union that participated in the AFL. Allowed blacks, even in positions of leadership. Staged the strike that became the Ludlow massacre.
Cla Na Gael: ???
“Honey Fitz” Fitzgerald: Boston city councilor, state congressman. Senator, mayor of Boston. Traded jobs for votes and favors. I didn’t really get this part.
Patrick Kennedy: Also a big time politician in Boston. John Kennedy’s grandfather.
Madame C. J. Walker: An old black woman who made a successful business selling hair and skin lotions. Demonstrated self help and sufficiency, not sure why she is so important.
“Separate Spheres”: Belief that women and men should operate in different areas of life. I. E.: Men, the outdoors and work; Women, home and such.
Feminism: Movement in the second decade of the twentieth century for female freedom and equality. Threatened conservatives, who believed that all of this toleration meant that the country was getting too far away from its roots. ...Read more
American Federation of Labor (AFL): Organized skilled workers by craft. Prejudiced against immigrants and blacks. Had limited success. Headed by Samuel Gompers.
Samuel Gompers: President of the AFL. Business unionism. Elected President for every year that he was alive.
J. P. Morgan: Skilled investment banker. Helped create the United States Steel Corporation.
Henry Ford: Created the Model T Ford, responsible for Ford creation, and much of the American middle class. Created the automobile society that the US would become. Adopted Taylorism effectively in the form of scientific management and assembly lines.
Model T: Affordable and reliable car made by Ford. Very accessible by the whole nation.
Andrew Carnegie: Fashioned the US Steel Corporation with the help of J. P. Morgan, the biggest merger in steel. Created the “Gospel of Wealth” philosophy. Funded music halls, colleges, and many libraries.
United States Steel Corporation: Created in 1901 by Morgan and Carnegie, largest steel corporation in the US, controlled 60% of the country’s steel making capability. Injured or killed many immigrant workers.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW): Union that many immigrants joined because they were rejected by the AFL and other unions. Wanted to do away with organization by craft, and create “one big union”. Anti- collective bargaining.
“Big Bill” Haywood: Head of the IWW, created it in 1905. Frequented Greenwich village, where he was idolized as a working class hero.
Ludlow Massacre: 1913, in Ludlow, Colorado. Private security and militia broke up a UMW strike. The strikers set up tents in front of the mine, police fire into one of the tents and killed 66 people.
Scientific Management: An effort to apply scientific principles and techniques to management strategies. Pioneered by Taylor and Ford.
Fredrick Winslow Taylor: Chief engineer at Midvale Steel Co., helped to create scientific management with the “Principles of Scientific Management” (1911) Taylorism influenced many corporations.
Gospel of Wealth: Spread by Carnegie, any income above necessities goes into helping the community.
Nickelodeon: Movies that lasted about 15 minutes and cost a nickel. Very popular with poor and immigrant workers, who had little time, money, or English abilities.
Theda Bara: Actress, first modern sex symbol. Starred in Cleopatra.
Greenwich Village: Neighborhood in lower Manhattan that was a haven for radicals and free thinkers. Center of Feminism and class warfare.
Margaret Sanger: Feminist Social Activist. Promoted birth control, and women’s sexuality for pleasure and sexual release. Was taken to court for spreading her message through the mail.
Social Darwinism: Belief that applied the forces governing the natural world to those of the rules that govern human society. Those who succeeded were the strongest and best. Thus, the rich and powerful Anglo Saxons were superior.
“New Immigrants”: Immigrants after 1880, many from Italy, Russia, Slavic Europe. They were regarded as inferior, even though they were very similar to the old immigrants. This was partly because of their different languages and religion. Most came as a temporary solution, and to send money home. They came for the better economic situation, or for freedom from religious persecution, and did not see the US as a permanent home.
Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire: 1911, fire broke out on the top floor of the factory. There were no fire escapes and the owners locked the doors to keep the employees working. 146 died in the flames.
Theodore Roosevelt: Athletocentric and sexist old bastard. Propagated the Strenuous Life philosophy, influenced many with this. Also believed that it was only men who should be athletic, and women should be devoted to reproduction, and all have at least 4 children.
“The Strenuous Life”: Belief that people should be athletic and outdoorsy. This reflected the public dissatisfaction in the regimented corporate world. Ended up empowering women.
John D. Rockefeller: Robber Baron who never flaunted his wealth, but used incredibly cutthroat methods, gaining him a lot of hatred in the public eye. He tried to counteract this by becoming a philanthropist, and spent $500 million for such causes. He donated to the University of Chicago, Medical research Center, etc. etc. He was still criticized for this, some believing it was just to exert his control in such areas.
Union Mine Workers: Union that participated in the AFL. Allowed blacks, even in positions of leadership. Staged the strike that became the Ludlow massacre.
Cla Na Gael: ???
“Honey Fitz” Fitzgerald: Boston city councilor, state congressman. Senator, mayor of Boston. Traded jobs for votes and favors. I didn’t really get this part.
Patrick Kennedy: Also a big time politician in Boston. John Kennedy’s grandfather.
Madame C. J. Walker: An old black woman who made a successful business selling hair and skin lotions. Demonstrated self help and sufficiency, not sure why she is so important.
“Separate Spheres”: Belief that women and men should operate in different areas of life. I. E.: Men, the outdoors and work; Women, home and such.
Feminism: Movement in the second decade of the twentieth century for female freedom and equality. Threatened conservatives, who believed that all of this toleration meant that the country was getting too far away from its roots. ...Read more
Terms & Names: Chapter 19
Munn v. Illinois: Ruled that states could regulate business as a public interest.
the Grange: A farmer’s association, prelude to the Farmer’s Alliance. Wanted gov’t to regulate freight rates, and warehouse charges.
Interstate commerce Act: (1877) Outlawed railroad pools, discriminatory rates, long-haul vs. short-haul differentials. Required just and reasonable rates, and created the Interstate Commerce Commission to judge this on a case by case basis, but gave them little enforcement power.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act: And act used to outlaw trusts and monopolies in large companies. The courts, however, did not wish to go after these Robber Barons, and so little was actually done. The Act was actually used later to help shut down Unions.
“Conspicuous Consumption”: The Robber Barons spent a lot of money in strange ways, like buying many expensive paintings. Basically just a way to flaunt their excessive wealth.
“Robber Barons”: An economic elite, who owned much of the wealth in America. They did this by owning railroads, oil deals, steel mills, etc. They greatly helped the country, and caused it to overtake Britain as the world’s industrial super power. However, due to their dubious nature, and cut throat business tactics, they earned a lot of resentment. Examples: Rockefeller, Carnegie, Gould.
Jay Gould: railroad tycoon. He got a lot of money, and swindled people put of theirs with clever schemes. He bought the Eerie Line (a railroad), and began secretly selling it off, causing massive “profits”, and making lots of people buy the stock. He then sold his, and revealed to the stock holders that they basically owned nothing. He did this several times
Great Railroad Strike: (1877) Because of the depression that was occurring, the railroads cut labor nationwide. This caused much anger, and people went on strike all over the country. Many people on both sides were killed, and Federal troops had to calm everyone down. This caused class conflict to be brought to the fore, with a middle-class working-class rivalry. Caused tensions that later led to other strikes and riots.
Knights of Labor: A national federation of Unions that emerged in the 1880s. Organized by industry, some allowed blacks and women. They advocated improving the existing system, like getting better hours, wages, and conditions. They led successful strikes in 1884 and 1885 against Union Pacific railroad, and Missouri Pacific. In 1856 they led a failed strike again Missouri Pac again, and this crippled them.
Terrence Powderly: Led the Knights of Labor, wanted worker co-op factories.
“Trusts”: Essentially stocks sold between companies to create dangerous alliances and monopolies and edge out other competition. Bad news for a lot of people.
Looking Backward: A book written by Bellamy, as if looking back from the year 2000. It glorified a society without social strife, and set for the “nationalist” concept of public ownership.
Samuel Gombers: Founded the American Federation of Labor, was the head of it for a long time, an influential head of labor. He worked with the companies, and this made them like him. He was somewhat moderate.
American Federation of Labor: They replace the Knights of Labor when they were destroyed. An exclusive skilled union that accepted the capitalist system and the wage system.
Haymarket Affair: Anarchists in Chicago led a general strike, which happened to take place at the same time as a strike at a machinery plant. A bomb went off, killing some police, who attacked the strikers. The anarchists were accused of the bombing but with no evidence, and seven of the eight were hanged. This divided the country.
Homestead Strike: The management of the Homestead Steel plant wanted to remove unionist labor and replace them with non-union workers. They used a dispute over wages as an excuse to shut down the plant and attempted to replace the workers, who wouldn’t leave. Violence with the Pinkertons ensued, and federal troops removed the workers. Crippled the Amalgamated Steel Workers Association.
Eugene V. Debs: Leader of the Railway Union, jailed after the Pullman Strike. While in jail, he became a socialist.
Pullman Strike: The Pullman Sleeper Car Company cut wages due to the depression, but didn’t lower the prices on all of the other aspects of the worker’s lives that they controlled. Company refused discussion , and the workers went on strike. The American Railway Union assisted, and refused to run trains with Pullman cars, paralyzing the nation. Federal troops eventually restarted the trains.
Coxey’s Army: Army of unemployed people led by coxey, pressured gov’t for funds to build national roads and give people jobs. Didn’t work.
Free Silver: Minting of silver coins at a 16 to 1 value with gold. Lots of silver was brought in through the west, i.e. Comstock Lode. Several acts went in place to insure minting, supported by Democrats and Populists.
“Greenbacks”: A relatively short lived movement backed by farmers, for paper money. Died out and became the free silver movement.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act: Increased the amount of silver coinage (1890). Repealed by Congress and Cleveland in 1893, which helped opposition to the democrats in the upcoming election.
“Gold Bugs”: Those who advocated moving toward the gold standard. Most republicans.
William Jennings Bryan: Spokesperson for the free silver movement among democrats, and won their nomination for president in 1896. Also won nomination from the populists, thereby merging them. He gave a vigorous campaign, often giving 30 speeches in a day. He did not win the election because of republican propaganda.
“Cross of Gold” Speech: Jennings gave a speech at the democratic national conventions saying that there was no need to “crucify” the American of the gold standard, won him the nomination.
Farmer’s Alliance: Set up cooperatives to avoid predatory middlemen. Served the social and economic needs of farming families. They wanted gov’t ownership of utilities and things, free silver, graduated income tax, direct election of senators. Eventually became the populists, which were later adopted by the democrats.
William McKinley: Ohio politician nominated fro republican candidate. He was a pawn of the Robber Barons, representing their business interest in politics. Ran a lazy “Front Porch” campaign, wanting voters to come to him. He relied on propaganda to scare the public into believing that Bryan’s Free Silver policy would destroy the nation. He own the election, the economy turned around with little help from him ...Read more
the Grange: A farmer’s association, prelude to the Farmer’s Alliance. Wanted gov’t to regulate freight rates, and warehouse charges.
Interstate commerce Act: (1877) Outlawed railroad pools, discriminatory rates, long-haul vs. short-haul differentials. Required just and reasonable rates, and created the Interstate Commerce Commission to judge this on a case by case basis, but gave them little enforcement power.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act: And act used to outlaw trusts and monopolies in large companies. The courts, however, did not wish to go after these Robber Barons, and so little was actually done. The Act was actually used later to help shut down Unions.
“Conspicuous Consumption”: The Robber Barons spent a lot of money in strange ways, like buying many expensive paintings. Basically just a way to flaunt their excessive wealth.
“Robber Barons”: An economic elite, who owned much of the wealth in America. They did this by owning railroads, oil deals, steel mills, etc. They greatly helped the country, and caused it to overtake Britain as the world’s industrial super power. However, due to their dubious nature, and cut throat business tactics, they earned a lot of resentment. Examples: Rockefeller, Carnegie, Gould.
Jay Gould: railroad tycoon. He got a lot of money, and swindled people put of theirs with clever schemes. He bought the Eerie Line (a railroad), and began secretly selling it off, causing massive “profits”, and making lots of people buy the stock. He then sold his, and revealed to the stock holders that they basically owned nothing. He did this several times
Great Railroad Strike: (1877) Because of the depression that was occurring, the railroads cut labor nationwide. This caused much anger, and people went on strike all over the country. Many people on both sides were killed, and Federal troops had to calm everyone down. This caused class conflict to be brought to the fore, with a middle-class working-class rivalry. Caused tensions that later led to other strikes and riots.
Knights of Labor: A national federation of Unions that emerged in the 1880s. Organized by industry, some allowed blacks and women. They advocated improving the existing system, like getting better hours, wages, and conditions. They led successful strikes in 1884 and 1885 against Union Pacific railroad, and Missouri Pacific. In 1856 they led a failed strike again Missouri Pac again, and this crippled them.
Terrence Powderly: Led the Knights of Labor, wanted worker co-op factories.
“Trusts”: Essentially stocks sold between companies to create dangerous alliances and monopolies and edge out other competition. Bad news for a lot of people.
Looking Backward: A book written by Bellamy, as if looking back from the year 2000. It glorified a society without social strife, and set for the “nationalist” concept of public ownership.
Samuel Gombers: Founded the American Federation of Labor, was the head of it for a long time, an influential head of labor. He worked with the companies, and this made them like him. He was somewhat moderate.
American Federation of Labor: They replace the Knights of Labor when they were destroyed. An exclusive skilled union that accepted the capitalist system and the wage system.
Haymarket Affair: Anarchists in Chicago led a general strike, which happened to take place at the same time as a strike at a machinery plant. A bomb went off, killing some police, who attacked the strikers. The anarchists were accused of the bombing but with no evidence, and seven of the eight were hanged. This divided the country.
Homestead Strike: The management of the Homestead Steel plant wanted to remove unionist labor and replace them with non-union workers. They used a dispute over wages as an excuse to shut down the plant and attempted to replace the workers, who wouldn’t leave. Violence with the Pinkertons ensued, and federal troops removed the workers. Crippled the Amalgamated Steel Workers Association.
Eugene V. Debs: Leader of the Railway Union, jailed after the Pullman Strike. While in jail, he became a socialist.
Pullman Strike: The Pullman Sleeper Car Company cut wages due to the depression, but didn’t lower the prices on all of the other aspects of the worker’s lives that they controlled. Company refused discussion , and the workers went on strike. The American Railway Union assisted, and refused to run trains with Pullman cars, paralyzing the nation. Federal troops eventually restarted the trains.
Coxey’s Army: Army of unemployed people led by coxey, pressured gov’t for funds to build national roads and give people jobs. Didn’t work.
Free Silver: Minting of silver coins at a 16 to 1 value with gold. Lots of silver was brought in through the west, i.e. Comstock Lode. Several acts went in place to insure minting, supported by Democrats and Populists.
“Greenbacks”: A relatively short lived movement backed by farmers, for paper money. Died out and became the free silver movement.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act: Increased the amount of silver coinage (1890). Repealed by Congress and Cleveland in 1893, which helped opposition to the democrats in the upcoming election.
“Gold Bugs”: Those who advocated moving toward the gold standard. Most republicans.
William Jennings Bryan: Spokesperson for the free silver movement among democrats, and won their nomination for president in 1896. Also won nomination from the populists, thereby merging them. He gave a vigorous campaign, often giving 30 speeches in a day. He did not win the election because of republican propaganda.
“Cross of Gold” Speech: Jennings gave a speech at the democratic national conventions saying that there was no need to “crucify” the American of the gold standard, won him the nomination.
Farmer’s Alliance: Set up cooperatives to avoid predatory middlemen. Served the social and economic needs of farming families. They wanted gov’t ownership of utilities and things, free silver, graduated income tax, direct election of senators. Eventually became the populists, which were later adopted by the democrats.
William McKinley: Ohio politician nominated fro republican candidate. He was a pawn of the Robber Barons, representing their business interest in politics. Ran a lazy “Front Porch” campaign, wanting voters to come to him. He relied on propaganda to scare the public into believing that Bryan’s Free Silver policy would destroy the nation. He own the election, the economy turned around with little help from him ...Read more
Thursday, February 12, 2009
From the Management
Tuesday, February 10, 2009
Some High Quality Jokes
What did Mason say to Dixon?
We've got to draw the line here!
Abraham Lincoln had a very hard childhood. He had to walk 8 miles to school every day!
"Well, he should have gotten up earlier and caught the schoolbus like everyone else!"
Did you know Lincoln's assassin had a table in a diner named after him?
They call it the John Wilkes Booth.
What is the fruitiest subject at school?
"Well, he should have gotten up earlier and caught the schoolbus like everyone else!"
Did you know Lincoln's assassin had a table in a diner named after him?
They call it the John Wilkes Booth.
"History, because it's full of dates!"
Not really pertinent to US History, but...
How was the Roman Empire cut in half?
With a pair of Caesars!
How was the Roman Empire cut in half?
With a pair of Caesars!
Monday, February 9, 2009
Terms & Names: Chapter 18
Homestead Act: freehold title to 160 acres land outside 13 colonies. Required three steps: file an application, improve the land, and file for deed of title. Anyone who had never taken up arms against the U.S. Government, including freed slaves, could file an application and improvements to a local land office. Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862.
Cripple Creek: 1891, ore found, Colorado gold rush, violent strikes occurred at Cripple Creek due to savage capital-labor relations in 1894 & 1903
"Sodbuster": term used to describe settlers of the prairies and plains west of the Mississippi during the 1870s and 80s who built their homes out of sod broken with steel plows. Fenced with the newly invented (1874) barbed wire.
Abilene, Kansas: small village that quickly became a boomtown after the Texan longhorn cattle industry was brought there in 1867, the rails of the Kansas Pacific made it possible for herds to be driven to Abilene to be shipped to Kansas City or Chicago, resulted in the interlocking institutions of the cattle drive and Chicago stockyards.
"range wars": clashes between “grangers” (farmers), sheep ranchers, and rustlers. Johnson County War in Wyoming in 1892 is most notorious
"Great American Desert": high plains and mountain valleys west of the Mississippi opened to white settlement in the 1850s with the Kansas and Nebraska territories, forcing Indian tribes onto reservations
Lakota Sioux: tricked census takers to procure more provisions from reservation authorities, filed past federal census counters more than once using false names.
Santee Sioux: delayed payments to tribes that had sold their land to government caused Sioux to become restive when late payment threatened starvation, robbery that caused the death of white settlers sparked a massacre of white Minnesotans. Army stopped uprising and 303 Indians were sentenced to death, Lincoln reduced number to 38--largest act of executive clemency, largest mass execution
Ghost Dance: revitalization movement among Indian peoples, expressed the belief that the Indians’ god would destroy the whites and return their land
Wounded Knee: federal authorities, alarmed by the frenzy of the Ghost Dance, sent soldiers to the Sioux reservation, confrontation at wounded knee left over one hundred dead, symbolized the death of 19th century Plains Indian culture.
Sitting Bull: Sitting Bull: leader of Sioux warriors, along with Crazy Horse, at battle of Little Bighorn in Montana Territory on June 25, 1876 over the Black Hills of western Dakota (sacred land invaded by gold-seekers) Sioux wiped out Seventh Calvary, were later crushed in winter retaliation
Sand Creek: massacre of 200 Indians at Sand Creek reservation in Colorado. Cheyenne Chief Black Kettle thought he had made peace w/ settlers and returned to reservation, Chivington’s militia attacked on Nov. 29, 1864
Chief Joseph: of the Nez Perce, “I will fight no more forever” pronounced epitaph for way of life when federal troops blocked their escape from Montana to Canada in 1877, Indians left with no alternative to reservations
"Peace Policy": announced in Grant’s inaugural address in 1869 urging acceptance of white culture including English language, Christianity, individual property ownership, allegiance to U.S. instead of tribe. Indians became “wards of the nation” most Indians acquiesced by 1880s
Dawes Severalty Act: 1887 gave Indian families 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land in order to make the remaining land available to whites. Many Indians lost their land titles through fraud and misrepresentation. Farming was seen as woman’s work--Americanizing Indian males stripped them of their manhood
"New South":
crop lien system: merchants in country stores across the South who provided farmers with supplies in return for a lien (legal claim) on their next crop. System came into being because of the money and credit shortage after the war, few banks survived, farmers couldn’t get loans
convict labor: states began leasing convicted criminals to private contractors (coal mines, railroads, etc) to eliminate cost of housing and feeding these prisoners while receiving a profit. 90% of convicts were black and were worked like slaves, sometimes to death.
Williams v. Mississippi: 1898 a United States Supreme Court case, reviewed provisions of the state constitution that set requirements for voter registration, did not find discrimination in the state's requirements for voters to pass a literacy test and pay poll taxes, as these were applied to all voters.
Charles Cuiteau: American lawyer who assassinated U.S. President James A. Garfield on July 2, 1881.
Plessy v. Ferguson: upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal". Plessy was the black guy who wanted to ride on the train.
Pendleton Act: 1883 est. United States Civil Service Commission, meant most federal government employees on the merit system,end of "spoils system," provided for some government jobs to be filled on the basis of competitive exams. Ie politicized government.
Jim Crow Laws: 1876-1965 "separate but equal" regarding public facillities used by blacks and whites
James G. Blaine: 1884 Republican nominee for president, a half-breed (moderate)
Booker T. Washington: 1895, new black leader, accepted segregation as temporary accommodation between the races, believed whites would support black efforts for education, social uplift, and economic progress, goal not permanent second-class citizenship for blacks, but improvement through self-help and uplift until they earned white acceptance as equals.
Grover Cleaveland: 1894 democrat elected president, decided to ignore the rising tide of farmer and labor discontent and make or break his presidency on the tariff issue, won 1892 by largest margin in 20 years.
Mugwumps: defected republicans, those who supported Cleveland in 1894.
Stalwarts: other main part of republican party, in favor of political machines and spoils system-style patronage.
Half-breeds: moderate wing of republican party, in favor of civil service reform and a merit system.
Frederick Jackson Turner: ...Read more
Cripple Creek: 1891, ore found, Colorado gold rush, violent strikes occurred at Cripple Creek due to savage capital-labor relations in 1894 & 1903
"Sodbuster": term used to describe settlers of the prairies and plains west of the Mississippi during the 1870s and 80s who built their homes out of sod broken with steel plows. Fenced with the newly invented (1874) barbed wire.
Abilene, Kansas: small village that quickly became a boomtown after the Texan longhorn cattle industry was brought there in 1867, the rails of the Kansas Pacific made it possible for herds to be driven to Abilene to be shipped to Kansas City or Chicago, resulted in the interlocking institutions of the cattle drive and Chicago stockyards.
"range wars": clashes between “grangers” (farmers), sheep ranchers, and rustlers. Johnson County War in Wyoming in 1892 is most notorious
"Great American Desert": high plains and mountain valleys west of the Mississippi opened to white settlement in the 1850s with the Kansas and Nebraska territories, forcing Indian tribes onto reservations
Lakota Sioux: tricked census takers to procure more provisions from reservation authorities, filed past federal census counters more than once using false names.
Santee Sioux: delayed payments to tribes that had sold their land to government caused Sioux to become restive when late payment threatened starvation, robbery that caused the death of white settlers sparked a massacre of white Minnesotans. Army stopped uprising and 303 Indians were sentenced to death, Lincoln reduced number to 38--largest act of executive clemency, largest mass execution
Ghost Dance: revitalization movement among Indian peoples, expressed the belief that the Indians’ god would destroy the whites and return their land
Wounded Knee: federal authorities, alarmed by the frenzy of the Ghost Dance, sent soldiers to the Sioux reservation, confrontation at wounded knee left over one hundred dead, symbolized the death of 19th century Plains Indian culture.
Sitting Bull: Sitting Bull: leader of Sioux warriors, along with Crazy Horse, at battle of Little Bighorn in Montana Territory on June 25, 1876 over the Black Hills of western Dakota (sacred land invaded by gold-seekers) Sioux wiped out Seventh Calvary, were later crushed in winter retaliation
Sand Creek: massacre of 200 Indians at Sand Creek reservation in Colorado. Cheyenne Chief Black Kettle thought he had made peace w/ settlers and returned to reservation, Chivington’s militia attacked on Nov. 29, 1864
Chief Joseph: of the Nez Perce, “I will fight no more forever” pronounced epitaph for way of life when federal troops blocked their escape from Montana to Canada in 1877, Indians left with no alternative to reservations
"Peace Policy": announced in Grant’s inaugural address in 1869 urging acceptance of white culture including English language, Christianity, individual property ownership, allegiance to U.S. instead of tribe. Indians became “wards of the nation” most Indians acquiesced by 1880s
Dawes Severalty Act: 1887 gave Indian families 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land in order to make the remaining land available to whites. Many Indians lost their land titles through fraud and misrepresentation. Farming was seen as woman’s work--Americanizing Indian males stripped them of their manhood
"New South":
crop lien system: merchants in country stores across the South who provided farmers with supplies in return for a lien (legal claim) on their next crop. System came into being because of the money and credit shortage after the war, few banks survived, farmers couldn’t get loans
convict labor: states began leasing convicted criminals to private contractors (coal mines, railroads, etc) to eliminate cost of housing and feeding these prisoners while receiving a profit. 90% of convicts were black and were worked like slaves, sometimes to death.
Williams v. Mississippi: 1898 a United States Supreme Court case, reviewed provisions of the state constitution that set requirements for voter registration, did not find discrimination in the state's requirements for voters to pass a literacy test and pay poll taxes, as these were applied to all voters.
Charles Cuiteau: American lawyer who assassinated U.S. President James A. Garfield on July 2, 1881.
Plessy v. Ferguson: upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal". Plessy was the black guy who wanted to ride on the train.
Pendleton Act: 1883 est. United States Civil Service Commission, meant most federal government employees on the merit system,end of "spoils system," provided for some government jobs to be filled on the basis of competitive exams. Ie politicized government.
Jim Crow Laws: 1876-1965 "separate but equal" regarding public facillities used by blacks and whites
James G. Blaine: 1884 Republican nominee for president, a half-breed (moderate)
Booker T. Washington: 1895, new black leader, accepted segregation as temporary accommodation between the races, believed whites would support black efforts for education, social uplift, and economic progress, goal not permanent second-class citizenship for blacks, but improvement through self-help and uplift until they earned white acceptance as equals.
Grover Cleaveland: 1894 democrat elected president, decided to ignore the rising tide of farmer and labor discontent and make or break his presidency on the tariff issue, won 1892 by largest margin in 20 years.
Mugwumps: defected republicans, those who supported Cleveland in 1894.
Stalwarts: other main part of republican party, in favor of political machines and spoils system-style patronage.
Half-breeds: moderate wing of republican party, in favor of civil service reform and a merit system.
Frederick Jackson Turner: ...Read more
Wednesday, February 4, 2009
Terms & Names: Chapter 17
Proclamation of Reconstruction: Dec 1863 Once 10 percent of a state’s white male population aged 21 or older had taken oath, the state could be readmitted to union
Amnesty and Whiskey Ring: Dec 1863 Offered pardon to southern whites who took an oath of allegiance to the United States and accepted the abolition of slavery/ scandal by which Grant Administration took a lot of flack
William Marcy Tweed: "Boss Tweed," NY Democrat, convicted of x-core stealing from tax payers via corruption. Served in house and senate. Died in jail.
Credit Mobilier: designed to limit the liability of stockholders and maximize profits from construction of Union Pacific Railroad, but ended up bankrupting a whole bunch of people, example of "gaft," stole a bunch from govnt. Attempts to use to attack railroad.
Thaddeus Stevens: led radical republicans in House
Radical Republicans: Stevens in House, Sumner in Senate, wanted voting rights and property distribution to freed slaves, refused to admit S. representatives and senators until reforms were enacted Wade-Davis Reconstruction Bill passed by Congress in July 1864
Charles Sumner: led Radical Republicans in Senate
Pendleton Act: established system of civil service in 1883, form of civil service reform
Treaty of Washington: 1871 - settle Alabama claims, international tribunal to arbitrate the claims, est. precedent for peaceful settlement of disputes, U.S. awarded $15.5 million in damages and British expression of regret, helped resolve disputes over American commercial fishing in Canadian waters
Wade-Davis Bill: July 1864, more stringent loyalty requirements on southern whites, no provision for black enfranchisement, Lincoln vetoed, split Republican Party, threatened Lincoln’s reelection chances
Black Codes: Fall of 1865, prevented blacks from testifying against whites in court, excluded blacks from juries and the ballot box, banned interracial marriage, punished blacks more severely than whites for certain crimes, angered N. Republicans
Freedmen's Bureau:Congress created Freedmen’s Bureau in Mar 1865, oversaw relations between former slaves and owners, supervised free-labor wage contracts between landowners and freedpeople, issued food rations, S. whites viewed Freedmen’s Bureau with hostility, alleviated the postwar devastation and chaos in the South
Carpetbagger: N. who went South to work, encouraged black vote, earned southern enmity, held a lot of political offices in S., Union army officers as Freedmen’s Bureau agents, teachers in black schools, or business investors, wanted free labor S., invested in S.
Scalawags: S. Republicans, upcountry Unionist areas, or former Whigs, Dems sought to destroy Republican coalition by exploiting black-white differences, socially ostracizing white Republicans, and economically intimidating black employees and sharecroppers
Sharecropper: black family worked a particular piece of land in return for a share of the crop produced on it
"Negro Rule": part of S. attempts to intimidate black voters,
"40 Acres and a mule": idea tossed around as the Union forces were chillaxing in the south, because a bunch of S. plantation owners had fled, and there was all this land and mules sitting about, so the Union thought maybe they could hook up the former slaves, but then Grant was a dumb face and gave the land back, so sorry former slaves, you're basically enslaved again, via the sharecropping system.
Fourteenth Amendment: June 1866, defined blacks as citizens, prohibited states from abridging rights of citizens or denying them their rights without due process, prescribed voting rights for blacks or sanctions would be imposed
Reconstruction of Acts of 1867: Congress implemented compromise between radicals and moderates in Mar, divided 10 southern states into 5 military districts, army officers to register voters for election of delegates to new constitutional conventions, enfranchised males aged 21 and older, including blacks, to vote in these elections, limits on participation of ex-Confederates in these elections
Tenure of Office Act: 1867 senate had to approve appointments and such made by the president to his cabinet, misconstrued by Congress to be a big deal and attempt to impeach Johnson in 1868.
Andrew Johnson: prez, super sympathetic to the south, pretty bigoted, was almost impeached, etc.
Edwin M. Stanton: secretary of war, Johnson attempted to remove in 1867, and inspired the impeachment attempt
Mississippi Plan: whereby the S. Dems attempted to take Mississippi by intimidating all blacks not to vote and getting most Republicans to switch to Dem, Grant sacrificed Mississippi for Ohio.
Ku Klux Klan: control the black population, destroy the Republican Party by terrorizing its voters and, if necessary, murdering its leaders, Congress passed three laws to deal with mounting southern violence
"Bulldozing": intimidation of black voters in Mississippi and elsewhere to destroy Republican vote
Hamburg Massacre: S. Carolina, dispute over free passage on a public road, this racially motivated incident concluded with the death of seven men. It launched the furious 1876 Democratic campaign for South Carolina's redemption,
Fifteenth Amendment: Prohibited states from denying right to vote on grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, designed to prevent reconstructed states from any future revocation of black suffrage, extend equal suffrage to border states and to the north
"Bayonet Rule": idea that Fed troops could/should go into S. to quell racial violence/disputes.
Ulysses S. Grant: 1868, elected as Republican with ideas or whatever, largely considered a failure because of scandals, etc, mostly just apathetic, won again in 1872.
Samuel J. Tilden: 1876 D. Presidential candidate, reformer
Rutherford B. Hayes: 1876 R. Presidential candidate, reformer
Compromise of 1877: federal support for internal improvements and railroad construction in south, also hinted at appointment of southerner as postmaster general, who would have significant patronage power, agreed to end “bayonet rule” in southern states where federal troops still stationed, in exchange, Hayes asked for--and received--promises of fair treatment for freedpeople and respect for their constitutional rights
Jay Cooke: His banking firm, from the marketing of Union war bonds, took over the Northern Pacific in 1869. His firm was the first to go bankrupt in the Panic of 1873
Colfax Massacre: white republicans attacked Colfax courthouse and killed a bunch of black freedmen, but not any white republicans. Coincidence? I think not.
Horace Greely: anhialated by Grant in the 1872 elections, Dem.
National Union Party: created by Johnson in attempt to get people together and stuff against black rights and fourteenth amendment; epic fail
...Read more
Amnesty and Whiskey Ring: Dec 1863 Offered pardon to southern whites who took an oath of allegiance to the United States and accepted the abolition of slavery/ scandal by which Grant Administration took a lot of flack
William Marcy Tweed: "Boss Tweed," NY Democrat, convicted of x-core stealing from tax payers via corruption. Served in house and senate. Died in jail.
Credit Mobilier: designed to limit the liability of stockholders and maximize profits from construction of Union Pacific Railroad, but ended up bankrupting a whole bunch of people, example of "gaft," stole a bunch from govnt. Attempts to use to attack railroad.
Thaddeus Stevens: led radical republicans in House
Radical Republicans: Stevens in House, Sumner in Senate, wanted voting rights and property distribution to freed slaves, refused to admit S. representatives and senators until reforms were enacted Wade-Davis Reconstruction Bill passed by Congress in July 1864
Charles Sumner: led Radical Republicans in Senate
Pendleton Act: established system of civil service in 1883, form of civil service reform
Treaty of Washington: 1871 - settle Alabama claims, international tribunal to arbitrate the claims, est. precedent for peaceful settlement of disputes, U.S. awarded $15.5 million in damages and British expression of regret, helped resolve disputes over American commercial fishing in Canadian waters
Wade-Davis Bill: July 1864, more stringent loyalty requirements on southern whites, no provision for black enfranchisement, Lincoln vetoed, split Republican Party, threatened Lincoln’s reelection chances
Black Codes: Fall of 1865, prevented blacks from testifying against whites in court, excluded blacks from juries and the ballot box, banned interracial marriage, punished blacks more severely than whites for certain crimes, angered N. Republicans
Freedmen's Bureau:Congress created Freedmen’s Bureau in Mar 1865, oversaw relations between former slaves and owners, supervised free-labor wage contracts between landowners and freedpeople, issued food rations, S. whites viewed Freedmen’s Bureau with hostility, alleviated the postwar devastation and chaos in the South
Carpetbagger: N. who went South to work, encouraged black vote, earned southern enmity, held a lot of political offices in S., Union army officers as Freedmen’s Bureau agents, teachers in black schools, or business investors, wanted free labor S., invested in S.
Scalawags: S. Republicans, upcountry Unionist areas, or former Whigs, Dems sought to destroy Republican coalition by exploiting black-white differences, socially ostracizing white Republicans, and economically intimidating black employees and sharecroppers
Sharecropper: black family worked a particular piece of land in return for a share of the crop produced on it
"Negro Rule": part of S. attempts to intimidate black voters,
"40 Acres and a mule": idea tossed around as the Union forces were chillaxing in the south, because a bunch of S. plantation owners had fled, and there was all this land and mules sitting about, so the Union thought maybe they could hook up the former slaves, but then Grant was a dumb face and gave the land back, so sorry former slaves, you're basically enslaved again, via the sharecropping system.
Fourteenth Amendment: June 1866, defined blacks as citizens, prohibited states from abridging rights of citizens or denying them their rights without due process, prescribed voting rights for blacks or sanctions would be imposed
Reconstruction of Acts of 1867: Congress implemented compromise between radicals and moderates in Mar, divided 10 southern states into 5 military districts, army officers to register voters for election of delegates to new constitutional conventions, enfranchised males aged 21 and older, including blacks, to vote in these elections, limits on participation of ex-Confederates in these elections
Tenure of Office Act: 1867 senate had to approve appointments and such made by the president to his cabinet, misconstrued by Congress to be a big deal and attempt to impeach Johnson in 1868.
Andrew Johnson: prez, super sympathetic to the south, pretty bigoted, was almost impeached, etc.
Edwin M. Stanton: secretary of war, Johnson attempted to remove in 1867, and inspired the impeachment attempt
Mississippi Plan: whereby the S. Dems attempted to take Mississippi by intimidating all blacks not to vote and getting most Republicans to switch to Dem, Grant sacrificed Mississippi for Ohio.
Ku Klux Klan: control the black population, destroy the Republican Party by terrorizing its voters and, if necessary, murdering its leaders, Congress passed three laws to deal with mounting southern violence
"Bulldozing": intimidation of black voters in Mississippi and elsewhere to destroy Republican vote
Hamburg Massacre: S. Carolina, dispute over free passage on a public road, this racially motivated incident concluded with the death of seven men. It launched the furious 1876 Democratic campaign for South Carolina's redemption,
Fifteenth Amendment: Prohibited states from denying right to vote on grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, designed to prevent reconstructed states from any future revocation of black suffrage, extend equal suffrage to border states and to the north
"Bayonet Rule": idea that Fed troops could/should go into S. to quell racial violence/disputes.
Ulysses S. Grant: 1868, elected as Republican with ideas or whatever, largely considered a failure because of scandals, etc, mostly just apathetic, won again in 1872.
Samuel J. Tilden: 1876 D. Presidential candidate, reformer
Rutherford B. Hayes: 1876 R. Presidential candidate, reformer
Compromise of 1877: federal support for internal improvements and railroad construction in south, also hinted at appointment of southerner as postmaster general, who would have significant patronage power, agreed to end “bayonet rule” in southern states where federal troops still stationed, in exchange, Hayes asked for--and received--promises of fair treatment for freedpeople and respect for their constitutional rights
Jay Cooke: His banking firm, from the marketing of Union war bonds, took over the Northern Pacific in 1869. His firm was the first to go bankrupt in the Panic of 1873
Colfax Massacre: white republicans attacked Colfax courthouse and killed a bunch of black freedmen, but not any white republicans. Coincidence? I think not.
Horace Greely: anhialated by Grant in the 1872 elections, Dem.
National Union Party: created by Johnson in attempt to get people together and stuff against black rights and fourteenth amendment; epic fail
...Read more
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