Terms & Names: Chapter 23

Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, Russia (eventually US)
Theodore Roosevelt: convinced US should join Entente to check German power and expansionism.
Woodrow Wilson: US President during WWI, at first encouraged American neutrality.
Edward M. House: Wilson’s closest foreign policy advisor, extremely pro-British, probably contributed to US sympathy with Anglo side of the war, and therefore eventual military involvement.
Sussex Pledge: following the U-boat attack on the French passenger liner, Sussex, Wilson demanded that Germany spare civilians from attack. Germany relented, but warned it might resume unrestricted submarine warfare.
Lusitania: a British passenger liner, secretly carrying munitions to Britain from America, and also carrying US civilians who had been warned that German submarines would probably attack, one step in US involvement in WWI
League of Nations: kinda like the UN, envisioned a peaceful “parliament of the world,” Wilson’s dying dream in life
"Trench Warfare:" method of defensive fighting employed on the Western front
William Jennings Bryan: Wilson’s secretary of state, pro British
Alexander Kerensky: man who led the democratic overthrow of the Tsar and monarchical rule in Russia in 1917
Eugen V. Debs: Socialist leader who opposed WWI, imprisoned for opposition
"He kept us out of war:" motto used by supporters of Wilson during re-election bid in 1916
"Peace without victory:" the idea that not declaring a victor, and not blaming the supposed “loser” would better keep the peace, advocated by Wilson, displayed to have been successful through the peace following the Napoleonic Wars
Zimmerman Telegram: note from German foreign minister to Mexico, directing Mexico to declare war on US in the event of a war between Germany and US; Germany promised to reclaim for Mexico the territories lost to the US.
Vladimir Lenin: man who led communist, “Bolshevik” revolution in Russia, thus extracting Russia from WWI conflict, and lessening pressure on Germany
Georges Clemenceau: French leader during WWI, extremely distrustful/resentful of Germany, part of the Big Three
John P. Pershing: “black jack,” commanded several black regimenty things during the Spanish-American War, but despite this, when he was in charge of figuring out WWI troops, he opted for segregation, to minimize fighting within troops
Fourteen Points: Wilson’s plan for establishing order following the end of WWI, had three components—self determination, international code of conduct, and the League of Nations.
War Industries Board: government section in charge of dealing with industry during the war, with unions and also mobilizing for total war.
Flu Epidemic of 1919: 500,000 Americans died, only exposure of America to real status war disease and horribleness.
Herbert Hoover: foreign minister in charge of distributing food stuffs to Europe and American troops, later appointed to head the American food administration

Bernard Baruch: economic advisor to Wilson
Samuel Gompers: head of the American Federation of Labor
National War Labor Board: created by Wilson, Taft is head, intended to arbitrate disputes between labor unions and employers
IQ Test: intelligence quotient, used to “test” the intelligence of American soldiers, to determine inferiority of black soldiers, determined most American soldiers were “morons.”
Selective Service Act of 1917: authorized Wilson to raise his five million man army
Sergeant Alvin C. York: American soldier, did something heroic during WWI
Liberty Bonds: main source of war income, touted as patriotic, and beneficial to the war effort
Espionage, Sabotage, and Sedition Acts: an effort to curb immigration, stemmed from peoples’ fear of foreigners, and identification with their home nation
Committee on Public Information: spied on people and stuff, supposedly to help the war, often they were union members, or communists
Immigration Restriction Act of 1917: like a grandfather act for immigration, restricted immigration to a proportion of that in 1890, and therefore English and western Europeans were disproportionately represented.
Paris Peace Conference: at end of WWI, held to determine peace agreements, of not Germany was not allowed a participatory delegate, and Japan didn’t get what they wanted.
Eighteenth Amendment: allowed for later passing the Volstead Act, which prohibited the sale, importation, or production of alcohol.
Irreconcilables: those in Congress who refused to accept the Wilson law for the League of Nations, because of Amendment X
Treaty of Versailles: peace agreement following end of WWI, agreed at Paris Peace Conference, by Big Three
Edith Bolling Wilson: Wife to Wilson, many thought she ran the presidency after he suffered a stroke.
Henry Cabot Lodge: main opposiotion leader to the Wilson League of Nations Idea
Great Steel Strike: 1919 failed strike by steel workers, signaled weakened state of labor unions
Red scare: the wave of fear regarding communists following the end of the War
Mitchell Palmer: Wilson’s attorney general, carried out random searches/surveillances because of nations’ fear of foreigners
Calvin Coolidge: small government conservative
W.E.B. Du Bois: leader of the NAACP, supported Black American endeavors to achieve equality through betterment of selves and force.
Sacco and Vanzetti: Italians who were wrongfully accused of murder because of racial fear, and then were committed to death. ...Read more