Have a lovely time studying, dears.
Wednesday, October 29, 2008
Chapter 7 & 8 Test
Mmmmm... Yum. It smells like hell week test taking season! Heads up, there's a test tomorrow, if you were unaware, on Chapters 7 and 8. The only thing needing to be turned in, to my knowledge, is the terms and names.
Monday, October 27, 2008
Hey guys,
In an attempt to actually seem like I contribute to this blog somehow I bring you:
Kellie's Best Ways to Procrastinate
1. Laugh (Life sucks if you don't laugh every once in awhile)
Suggestions:
- visit pbfcomics.com (only if you are not easily offended)
- search for & watch "Who's Line is it Anyways" on youtube.com
- go through old yearbooks (always great)
2. Drink water (It's good for you)
3. Floss (also good for you, plus your dentist will love you)
4. Stretch (this is also a way productive way to be unproductive, it prevents injuries and is, again, an all around good thing to do)
...more later from the department of fun.
I know you can't wait.
STOP FREAKING OUT
Dear Everyone,
The test is officially not TUESDAY!!! I repeat, not tomorrow. Despite what you may have heard on the street, the Chapter 7 and 8 test is decidedly on Thursday, October 30th and the Unit Test on Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8 is on the following Monday. Woo!
So yes. Don't have a cow, please. It rather scares me when everyone's having a hay day.
The test is officially not TUESDAY!!! I repeat, not tomorrow. Despite what you may have heard on the street, the Chapter 7 and 8 test is decidedly on Thursday, October 30th and the Unit Test on Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8 is on the following Monday. Woo!
So yes. Don't have a cow, please. It rather scares me when everyone's having a hay day.
Sunday, October 26, 2008
Terms & Names: Chapter 8
Federalist Party:Statesmen and public figures supporting the administrations of Presidents George Washington (1789–1797) and John Adams (1797–1801), founded by Alexander Hamilton. It opposed the Democratic-Republican Party during the 1800s.
Precedent: thought the constitution set out the "blueprint" for how the new USA should be run, the decisions made by the first cabinet would serve as laws for how things would be done forever.
Bill of Rights: ten constitutional amendments decided at first congress, reflected fear of centralized power, focused on civil liberties, preserved essential thrust of Constitution and power of government.
Presidential Cabinet: executive departments of war, state, and treasury guaranteed that the heads of these would be appointed solely by the president.
John Jay: (1789-1795) served on the U.S. Supreme Court as the first Chief Justice of the United States, 1794 negotiated the Jay Treaty with the British, (1795-1801) governor of New York, leading opponent of slavery
Bank of the United States: proposed by Hamilton and adopted in 1791, federal government in whihc all US funds would bue stored but which whose operations would be supervised by directors representing private stockholders, debts paid for by taxes.
Strict Constitution: believers though that government only had powers specified in Constitution
Citizen Genet: (1793) French sent to US by French ruling Girondists, openly commissioned American privateers to harass British ships, opened French Caribbean to American trade, importance: free trade!
Pickeny's Treaty: Spain recognized Ammerican neutrality in the Anglo-Franco War, set the border between US and Spanish Florida on American terms, put an end to Spanish claims to territory in southwest and gave Americans unrestricted rights to navigate Mississippi river
XYZ Affair: (1797) Adams attempted diplomatic negotiations, French demanded bribes before negotiations could begin, dubbed XYZ affair; caused outrage in United States, undeclared naval war in Caribbean began in April 1798
High Federalists: federalist dominated congress under President Adams, who weren't too friendly with him. Passed several wartime measures: federal property tax, Alien and Sedition Acts.
John Marshall: committed Federalist Supreme Court Judge during Marbury v. Madison, main concern was the Court’s independence, believed in strict constructionism, succeeded in separating internal dissent from treason, limited definition of treason to prevent using it as a way of silencing political opposition
Aaron Burr: (1807) tried for treason, charged with conspiring to separate Louisiana from the United States, acquitted
Louisiana Purchase: Spain closed New Orleans to U.S. traffic in 1802, Jefferson sought thereafter to purchase the city from France, which would soon possess it, French willing to sell, as plans for Caribbean empire had collapsed, offer to sell entire territory, not just the city of New Orleans, presented constitutional challenge to Jefferson b/c no provision for land purchase and incorporation into union, decided to move ahead anyway, generated Federalist opposition Purchase of Louisiana doubled size of the US
Yazoo Land Company: (1795-1803) massive fraud perpetrated by several Georgia governors and the state legislature by selling large tracts of land to insiders at ridiculously low prices.
Haiti: 1799 revolution of slaves against French colonial government
Napoleon Bonaparte: emperor of France, sold Louisiana to US, War in Europe against Napoleon ended 1814
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair: humiliation for United States, led to demands for reprisals against British, Jefferson responded by barring British ships from American ports and territorial waters, also led to call up of militiamen
Fort Mims Massacre: (1813) a force of Creeks (associated with Red Sticks) killed hundreds of settlers, mixed-blood Creeks, and militia in Fort Mims.
Battle of the Thames: (October 1813) Tecumseh killed, decisive US victory in the War of 1812, in upper Canada, and the destruction of the Native American coalition that he led.
Hartford Convention: revealed the depths of Federalist opposition to the war moderate Federalists called convention to forestall talk of secession, proposed constitutional amendments to restore power to New England, repeal of “three-fifths” clause regarding slavery, denial of office holding to naturalized citizens, increase difficulty for addition of new states, require two-thirds majority of both houses of Congress for declaration of war, delegation to Washington arrived after peace treaty and news of New Orleans, branded selfish and unpatriotic, convention ruined any chance of a nationwide Federalist resurgence after the war
John Adams: pushed for flowery, puffed up Presidential title, federalist, carried Northeast in 96 election, 1797 attempted diplomatic negotiations with France, wartime measures by congress taken without Adams' consent, feared that army was being prepared to eliminate domestic opponents of Hamilton and his allies, decided to seek peace in order to defuse domestic tensions, achieved peace and cut the ground from under the militaristic Federalist faction
James Madison: w/ Jefferson, led opposition to Federalist government
Judiciary Act of 1789: created the Supreme Court and gave Congress the power to establish inferior courts. It made no provision, though, for the composition or procedures of any of the courts, leaving this to Congress to decide.
Alexander Hamilton: was broad constructionist: government could make all laws it deemed “necessary and just” to deal with the nation’s needs, advocated formation of US Bank, centralized government based on British model, hard core Federalist
Report on Public Credit: urged Congress to assume state debts, combine all debts into a consolidated national debt, foreign debt should be paid immediately, domestic debt would be permanent, tax-supported fixture of government, interest-bearing securities would attract creditors and ensure their loyalty to the government, national debt at heart of Hamilton’s plan for a powerful national state
Whiskey Rebellion: (1794) response to Hamilton's excise taxes on spirits proposed to fund the US Bank, western Pennsylvania mobs attacked excise officers, 500 militia men near Pittsburgh marched on John Neville (excise tax collector)'s house, 6,000 threatened to attacke Pittsburgh
French Revolution: US could not have escaped involvement even had it wanted to, 1778 treaties with France were still in force, federalists and Republicans debated whether treaties were still in force, Washington issued official neutrality proclamation in 179, federalists applauded, mostly for financial reasons, fepublicans were appalled that nation not helping France
Orders in Council: ?????????????? UM.... Wha?
Washington's Farewell Address: (1796) Washington refused to run for reelection, gave a farewell speech which was a sarcastic parting shot at the Democratic Republican opposition.
Alien and Sedition Acts: imposed restrictions on immigrants, crackdown on opponents or critics of the government, not supported by President Adams
Virginia and Kentucky Resolves: condemned Alien and Sedition Acts, based on Constitutional division of powers between federal government and states, anticipated later states’ rights arguments, largely ineffective
Midnight Appointments: aka Judiciary Act of 1801, ensured long-term Federalist domination of the federal courts, reduced size of Supreme Court to limit Jefferson’s ability to appoint a Republican, created new system of circuit courts, which were to be staffed by Federalists
District of Colombia: ? WHAT DO YOU WANT TO KNOW
John Randolph: leader in Congress from Virginia and spokesman for the
Old Republican or Quids faction of the Democratic-Republican Party that wanted to restrict the federal government's roles
Marbury v. Madison: laid basis for practice of judicial review, helped to lay out relationship between Congress and the Supreme Court, said Constitution was the nation’s “fundamental and paramount law”, angered some Republicans, Jefferson understood Marshall’s main concern was the Court’s independence
"Empire of Liberty": how Jefferson referred to the US with its new acquisition of the Louisiana territory
Non-Importation Act: Essex Decision (1805) prevented U.S. ships from engaging in reexport trade with France, U.S. responded with Non-Importation Act (1806) limiting British imports into U.S.
War Hawks: (1811-1812) republicans divided, War Hawks took control, mostly young and from South or West, willing to go to war with England to protect U.S. Rights, their leader, Henry Clay, became Speaker of the House
Francis Scott Key: American lawyer, author, and amateur poet, from Georgetown, who wrote the words to the United States' national anthem, "The Star Spangled Banner."
Oliver Hazard Perry: officer in US Navy, during War of 1812 led American forces in a decisive naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie.
"Mad" Anthony Wayne: general who won at Fallen Timbers, ordered by Washington to take 12,000 federalized militia men to quell Whiskey Rebellion
Democratic-Republicans: those who supported smaller federal government, larger state government, Thomas Jefferson and backers
Thomas Jefferson: was a strict constitutionalist, believed in greater state rights, Democratic-Republican
Treaty of Ghent: at peace talks, British initially proposed outrageous demands, compromise became possible once their military position began to falter, treaty simply put an end to hostilities, halted a war that neither side could win decisively
Elections of 1796: Adams (New England, New York) v. Jefferson (South, Pennsylvania)- Adams wins, Jefferson Vice President b/c New England withholds votes for Pickney because Hamilton had South withholds votes for Adams.
Elections of 1800:
Embargo Act: (1807) halted all U.S. Trade with foreign country, had little effect on British policy, disastrous for U.S. economy, especially in Northeast, fostered Federalist opposition
...Read more
Precedent: thought the constitution set out the "blueprint" for how the new USA should be run, the decisions made by the first cabinet would serve as laws for how things would be done forever.
Bill of Rights: ten constitutional amendments decided at first congress, reflected fear of centralized power, focused on civil liberties, preserved essential thrust of Constitution and power of government.
Presidential Cabinet: executive departments of war, state, and treasury guaranteed that the heads of these would be appointed solely by the president.
John Jay: (1789-1795) served on the U.S. Supreme Court as the first Chief Justice of the United States, 1794 negotiated the Jay Treaty with the British, (1795-1801) governor of New York, leading opponent of slavery
Bank of the United States: proposed by Hamilton and adopted in 1791, federal government in whihc all US funds would bue stored but which whose operations would be supervised by directors representing private stockholders, debts paid for by taxes.
Strict Constitution: believers though that government only had powers specified in Constitution
Citizen Genet: (1793) French sent to US by French ruling Girondists, openly commissioned American privateers to harass British ships, opened French Caribbean to American trade, importance: free trade!
Pickeny's Treaty: Spain recognized Ammerican neutrality in the Anglo-Franco War, set the border between US and Spanish Florida on American terms, put an end to Spanish claims to territory in southwest and gave Americans unrestricted rights to navigate Mississippi river
XYZ Affair: (1797) Adams attempted diplomatic negotiations, French demanded bribes before negotiations could begin, dubbed XYZ affair; caused outrage in United States, undeclared naval war in Caribbean began in April 1798
High Federalists: federalist dominated congress under President Adams, who weren't too friendly with him. Passed several wartime measures: federal property tax, Alien and Sedition Acts.
John Marshall: committed Federalist Supreme Court Judge during Marbury v. Madison, main concern was the Court’s independence, believed in strict constructionism, succeeded in separating internal dissent from treason, limited definition of treason to prevent using it as a way of silencing political opposition
Aaron Burr: (1807) tried for treason, charged with conspiring to separate Louisiana from the United States, acquitted
Louisiana Purchase: Spain closed New Orleans to U.S. traffic in 1802, Jefferson sought thereafter to purchase the city from France, which would soon possess it, French willing to sell, as plans for Caribbean empire had collapsed, offer to sell entire territory, not just the city of New Orleans, presented constitutional challenge to Jefferson b/c no provision for land purchase and incorporation into union, decided to move ahead anyway, generated Federalist opposition Purchase of Louisiana doubled size of the US
Yazoo Land Company: (1795-1803) massive fraud perpetrated by several Georgia governors and the state legislature by selling large tracts of land to insiders at ridiculously low prices.
Haiti: 1799 revolution of slaves against French colonial government
Napoleon Bonaparte: emperor of France, sold Louisiana to US, War in Europe against Napoleon ended 1814
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair: humiliation for United States, led to demands for reprisals against British, Jefferson responded by barring British ships from American ports and territorial waters, also led to call up of militiamen
Fort Mims Massacre: (1813) a force of Creeks (associated with Red Sticks) killed hundreds of settlers, mixed-blood Creeks, and militia in Fort Mims.
Battle of the Thames: (October 1813) Tecumseh killed, decisive US victory in the War of 1812, in upper Canada, and the destruction of the Native American coalition that he led.
Hartford Convention: revealed the depths of Federalist opposition to the war moderate Federalists called convention to forestall talk of secession, proposed constitutional amendments to restore power to New England, repeal of “three-fifths” clause regarding slavery, denial of office holding to naturalized citizens, increase difficulty for addition of new states, require two-thirds majority of both houses of Congress for declaration of war, delegation to Washington arrived after peace treaty and news of New Orleans, branded selfish and unpatriotic, convention ruined any chance of a nationwide Federalist resurgence after the war
John Adams: pushed for flowery, puffed up Presidential title, federalist, carried Northeast in 96 election, 1797 attempted diplomatic negotiations with France, wartime measures by congress taken without Adams' consent, feared that army was being prepared to eliminate domestic opponents of Hamilton and his allies, decided to seek peace in order to defuse domestic tensions, achieved peace and cut the ground from under the militaristic Federalist faction
James Madison: w/ Jefferson, led opposition to Federalist government
Judiciary Act of 1789: created the Supreme Court and gave Congress the power to establish inferior courts. It made no provision, though, for the composition or procedures of any of the courts, leaving this to Congress to decide.
Alexander Hamilton: was broad constructionist: government could make all laws it deemed “necessary and just” to deal with the nation’s needs, advocated formation of US Bank, centralized government based on British model, hard core Federalist
Report on Public Credit: urged Congress to assume state debts, combine all debts into a consolidated national debt, foreign debt should be paid immediately, domestic debt would be permanent, tax-supported fixture of government, interest-bearing securities would attract creditors and ensure their loyalty to the government, national debt at heart of Hamilton’s plan for a powerful national state
Whiskey Rebellion: (1794) response to Hamilton's excise taxes on spirits proposed to fund the US Bank, western Pennsylvania mobs attacked excise officers, 500 militia men near Pittsburgh marched on John Neville (excise tax collector)'s house, 6,000 threatened to attacke Pittsburgh
French Revolution: US could not have escaped involvement even had it wanted to, 1778 treaties with France were still in force, federalists and Republicans debated whether treaties were still in force, Washington issued official neutrality proclamation in 179, federalists applauded, mostly for financial reasons, fepublicans were appalled that nation not helping France
Orders in Council: ?????????????? UM.... Wha?
Washington's Farewell Address: (1796) Washington refused to run for reelection, gave a farewell speech which was a sarcastic parting shot at the Democratic Republican opposition.
Alien and Sedition Acts: imposed restrictions on immigrants, crackdown on opponents or critics of the government, not supported by President Adams
Virginia and Kentucky Resolves: condemned Alien and Sedition Acts, based on Constitutional division of powers between federal government and states, anticipated later states’ rights arguments, largely ineffective
Midnight Appointments: aka Judiciary Act of 1801, ensured long-term Federalist domination of the federal courts, reduced size of Supreme Court to limit Jefferson’s ability to appoint a Republican, created new system of circuit courts, which were to be staffed by Federalists
District of Colombia: ? WHAT DO YOU WANT TO KNOW
John Randolph: leader in Congress from Virginia and spokesman for the
Old Republican or Quids faction of the Democratic-Republican Party that wanted to restrict the federal government's roles
Marbury v. Madison: laid basis for practice of judicial review, helped to lay out relationship between Congress and the Supreme Court, said Constitution was the nation’s “fundamental and paramount law”, angered some Republicans, Jefferson understood Marshall’s main concern was the Court’s independence
"Empire of Liberty": how Jefferson referred to the US with its new acquisition of the Louisiana territory
Non-Importation Act: Essex Decision (1805) prevented U.S. ships from engaging in reexport trade with France, U.S. responded with Non-Importation Act (1806) limiting British imports into U.S.
War Hawks: (1811-1812) republicans divided, War Hawks took control, mostly young and from South or West, willing to go to war with England to protect U.S. Rights, their leader, Henry Clay, became Speaker of the House
Francis Scott Key: American lawyer, author, and amateur poet, from Georgetown, who wrote the words to the United States' national anthem, "The Star Spangled Banner."
Oliver Hazard Perry: officer in US Navy, during War of 1812 led American forces in a decisive naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie.
"Mad" Anthony Wayne: general who won at Fallen Timbers, ordered by Washington to take 12,000 federalized militia men to quell Whiskey Rebellion
Democratic-Republicans: those who supported smaller federal government, larger state government, Thomas Jefferson and backers
Thomas Jefferson: was a strict constitutionalist, believed in greater state rights, Democratic-Republican
Treaty of Ghent: at peace talks, British initially proposed outrageous demands, compromise became possible once their military position began to falter, treaty simply put an end to hostilities, halted a war that neither side could win decisively
Elections of 1796: Adams (New England, New York) v. Jefferson (South, Pennsylvania)- Adams wins, Jefferson Vice President b/c New England withholds votes for Pickney because Hamilton had South withholds votes for Adams.
Elections of 1800:
Embargo Act: (1807) halted all U.S. Trade with foreign country, had little effect on British policy, disastrous for U.S. economy, especially in Northeast, fostered Federalist opposition
...Read more
Sunday, October 19, 2008
Terms & Name: Chapter 7
H. St John de Crevecoeur: French soldier settled in rural New York, wrote letters from perspective of a farmer explaining American agrarianism, connections between property and liberty,
Notes on the State of Virginia: (1781) book written by Thomas Jefferson. Basically describes all the aspects of Virginian Life.
Barter/cash: farmers relied more on barter, giving goods/services for goods/services, as opposed to money, cash.
Fallen Timbers: (1794) final battle of North Indian War, Native Americans v. US for Northwest Territory. Significance: decisive victory for the United States, ended major hostilities in the region until "Tecumseh's War" and the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.
Old Northwest: area where Shawnee, Miami, other tribes with British maintained seven forts within what was formally the US
William Henry Harrison: led an army towards Profetstown.
Tecumseh: Tenskwatawa's brother, tooc control of the Tenskwatawan religion's movement to expel whites.
Eli Whitney: (1793) a Connecticut Yankee who made the Cotton Gin, which separated the sticky seeds from short-staple cotton so it could be milled, making it a viable cash crop, and reviving slavery.
Freehold: the laws that connected property ownership with voting rights, some states dropped it, and (1790-1820) gave way to democratic insistence for equal rights for all white men.
Alexis de Toqueville: (1835) wrote Democracy in America French political thinker, historian, observed the absence of paternal power in American families.
Gabrielle's Rebellion: (1800)Well-planned conspiracy to overthrow Virginia’s slave regime, hoped to make a republican revolution, not a slave revolt, goal not retribution or revenge, but creation of a truly democratic republic, betrayed by a fellow conspirator, leaders either executed or sold and transported out of Virginia
Competence: the ability to live up to neighborhood standards of material decency while protecting the long-term independence of their household, and thus dignity and political rights
Outwork: city merchants provided country workers with raw materials and paid them for finished goods, done by large, relatively poor families (like the cottage industry system in Euro) extended domination by male figure
Agrarian Republicanism: widespread land ownership and rough equality, declined, richer men painted houses,
Five Civilized Tribes: the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors. process of cultural transformation was proposed by George Washington and Henry Knox; lived in the Southeastern United States.
Treaty of Greenville: (1795) forced cession of two-thirds of present-day Ohio and southeastern Indiana to US, ended Northern Indian War
Prophetstown: (Tippecanoe) Where Tenskwatawa lived. Many converts flooded in, located in what's now Indiana.
Tenskwatawa: fat, one-eyed, alcoholic Shawnee who failed as a warrior and medicine man. He had a prophetic vision: Native Americans must return to how things were before Europeans came. Really mean Christian-like god would restore everything. Kinda a new religion.
Battle of Tippecanoe: (1811) when Tecumseh was away, Tenskwatawa ordered an unwise attack on William Henry Harrison's army and was beaten
John Jacob Astor: a newcomer to New York City who amassed a huge personal fortune. Settled Astoria, Oregon!!!
Deism: believing God created everything but doesn't interfere now, believed by Jefferson, popular to politicians as alternative to strict religions
Camp-meeting Revivals: extended prayer session, on the frontier, many would come and get preached at for hours on end.
John Wesley: founder of Methodism
St. Dominigue: French colony on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola from 1659 to 1804, when it became the independent nation of Haiti
Cane Ridge: (1801) Kentucky, first camp meeting held here by Southern Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians to spread word
Cumberland Gap: a pass through the Cumberland Mountains region of the Appalachian Mountains, important part of the wilderness road
...Read more
Notes on the State of Virginia: (1781) book written by Thomas Jefferson. Basically describes all the aspects of Virginian Life.
Barter/cash: farmers relied more on barter, giving goods/services for goods/services, as opposed to money, cash.
Fallen Timbers: (1794) final battle of North Indian War, Native Americans v. US for Northwest Territory. Significance: decisive victory for the United States, ended major hostilities in the region until "Tecumseh's War" and the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.
Old Northwest: area where Shawnee, Miami, other tribes with British maintained seven forts within what was formally the US
William Henry Harrison: led an army towards Profetstown.
Tecumseh: Tenskwatawa's brother, tooc control of the Tenskwatawan religion's movement to expel whites.
Eli Whitney: (1793) a Connecticut Yankee who made the Cotton Gin, which separated the sticky seeds from short-staple cotton so it could be milled, making it a viable cash crop, and reviving slavery.
Freehold: the laws that connected property ownership with voting rights, some states dropped it, and (1790-1820) gave way to democratic insistence for equal rights for all white men.
Alexis de Toqueville: (1835) wrote Democracy in America French political thinker, historian, observed the absence of paternal power in American families.
Gabrielle's Rebellion: (1800)Well-planned conspiracy to overthrow Virginia’s slave regime, hoped to make a republican revolution, not a slave revolt, goal not retribution or revenge, but creation of a truly democratic republic, betrayed by a fellow conspirator, leaders either executed or sold and transported out of Virginia
Competence: the ability to live up to neighborhood standards of material decency while protecting the long-term independence of their household, and thus dignity and political rights
Outwork: city merchants provided country workers with raw materials and paid them for finished goods, done by large, relatively poor families (like the cottage industry system in Euro) extended domination by male figure
Agrarian Republicanism: widespread land ownership and rough equality, declined, richer men painted houses,
Five Civilized Tribes: the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors. process of cultural transformation was proposed by George Washington and Henry Knox; lived in the Southeastern United States.
Treaty of Greenville: (1795) forced cession of two-thirds of present-day Ohio and southeastern Indiana to US, ended Northern Indian War
Prophetstown: (Tippecanoe) Where Tenskwatawa lived. Many converts flooded in, located in what's now Indiana.
Tenskwatawa: fat, one-eyed, alcoholic Shawnee who failed as a warrior and medicine man. He had a prophetic vision: Native Americans must return to how things were before Europeans came. Really mean Christian-like god would restore everything. Kinda a new religion.
Battle of Tippecanoe: (1811) when Tecumseh was away, Tenskwatawa ordered an unwise attack on William Henry Harrison's army and was beaten
John Jacob Astor: a newcomer to New York City who amassed a huge personal fortune. Settled Astoria, Oregon!!!
Deism: believing God created everything but doesn't interfere now, believed by Jefferson, popular to politicians as alternative to strict religions
Camp-meeting Revivals: extended prayer session, on the frontier, many would come and get preached at for hours on end.
John Wesley: founder of Methodism
St. Dominigue: French colony on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola from 1659 to 1804, when it became the independent nation of Haiti
Cane Ridge: (1801) Kentucky, first camp meeting held here by Southern Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians to spread word
Cumberland Gap: a pass through the Cumberland Mountains region of the Appalachian Mountains, important part of the wilderness road
...Read more
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
STUFF TO TURN IN FOR CHAPTER 5 & 6 TEST
Ok... So, I'm pretty sure all we have to turn in are:
- Questions: from Tuesday, there's eight of 'em.
- Worksheet: "Revolutionary War - 1775-1783"
- Terms & Names: Chapter 5
- Terms & Names: Chapter 6
I'm fairly certain we don't need to turn in notes until the UNIT TEST. So all seem good. The terms and names are mostly complete on here, I'll have em totally finished by mid afternoon today, Wednesday.
Make sure to utilize the links at left------>
There are chapter summaries, quizzes, and other informative crap.
WOO!
:D
Sunday, October 12, 2008
Terms & Names: Chapter 6
republicanism: governing a nation as a republic, with an emphasis on liberty, rule of law, popular sovereignty and the civic virtue practiced by citizens, as employed by the fledgling nation of United States of America.
Articles of Confedereation: (1777: proposed, 1781: ratified) governing constitution of the alliance of thirteen independent and sovereign states styled "United States of America."
Powers of the Confederation Congress: opened in the last stages of the American Revolution, passed important laws including Northwest Ordinance, issued a Constitution to replace the Articles.
Benedict Arnold: a general during the American Revolutionary War who originally fought for the American Continental Army, but switched sides to the British Empire.
Nathanael Greene: a major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War.
Battle of Princeton: (January 3, 1777) a victory for General Washington's revolutionary forces over British forces near Princeton, New Jersey.
John Burgoyne: British army officer, politician and dramatist. During the American Revolutionary War, on October 17, 1777, at Saratoga he surrendered his army of 9,000 men.
Brandywine Creek: (September 11, 1777) battle of the Philadelphia campaign of the American Revolutionary War. Decisive victory for the British, left Philadelphia, the revolutionary capital, undefended. The British captured the city on September 26, beginning an occupation that would last until June, 1778.
Marquis de Lafayette: French military officer, a general in the American Revolutionary War, in the Continental Army under George Washington, negotiated an increased French commitment to the war.
Vergennes: French supporter of the Thirteen Colonies, approved of support for secret French assistance, as arms and volunteers supplied to the Americans.
Francois de Grasse: French navy admiral, came to the aid of Americans with 3,000 men, landed reinforcements in Virginia, decisively defeated the British fleet in the Battle of the Chesapeake (September 1781). Drew away English forces, blockaded the coast until Lord Cornwallis surrendered, ensuring the independence of USA.
Pierre de Beaumarchais: French, founded a commercial enterprise, Roderigue Hortalez and Co., supported by the French and Spanish crowns, whose real purpose was to supply the American rebels with weapons, munitions, clothes, and provisions.
Thoughts on Government: (1776) by John Adams, suggestions on the establishment of a new government and the drafting of a constitution. "Politics is the Science of human Happiness -and the Felicity of Societies depends on the Constitutions of Government under which they live."
Bicameralism: a legislature which consists of two chambers or houses, adopted under the US Constitution.
Loyalists: those Americans who fought with the British during the American Revolution.
Banastre Tarleton: British soldier and politician, reputation for ruthlessness, involvement in the Waxhaw (Tarleton) Massacre earned him the nickname "Bloody Ban" and "Butcher" amongst American revolutionaries. The British and American loyalists hailed him as an outstanding leader of light cavalry.
Battle of Cowpens:(January 17, 1781) victory by American Revolutionary forces under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, in the Southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War. It was a turning point in the reconquest of South Carolina from the British, and an American tactical masterpiece.
Yorktown: (1781) victory by American forces led by General George Washington and French forces led by General Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by General Lord Cornwallis. It proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War, as the surrender of Cornwallis’s army (the second major surrender of the war) prompted the British government to eventually negotiate an end to the conflict.
Daniel Boone: led settlers west, blazed Wilderness Trail, militia officer during the American Revolutionary War, in Kentucky was fought primarily between settlers and British-allied American Indians.
Virginia Plan: Advocated by more populous states, call for two houses of Congress, both elected with proportional representation.
New Jersey Plan: Response to Virginia plan, less populous states adamantly opposed to giving most of the control to larger states, proposed an alternate plan that gave one vote per state for equal representation under one legislative body (i.e., a Unicameral Legislature).
Powers of Congress: authority over financial and budgetary matters, role in national defense, "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof."
"necessary and proper" clause: The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
Three-fifths Compromise: for taxation purposes, slaves would count as 3/5 of a person
Great Compromise: defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have, a bicameral legislature, resulting in the current United States Senate and House of Representatives.
Criticism of the 1787 Constitution: it had no definitive decision regarding slavery, it was weighted toward the interests of larger states.
Ratification of the 1787 Constitution: nine states to ratify the constitution for it to go into effect. Convention submitted the Constitution to the Congress of the Confederation, where it received approval.
Massachusetts Constitution: (September 1 and October 30, 1779) Drafted by John Adams, Samuel Adams, and James Bowdoin during the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention. Structured, replicated by the US Constitution, preamble, declaration of rights, description of the framework of government, and articles of amendment.
"Republican Mother": belief that children should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism, making them the perfect citizens of the new nation.
Jay Treaty: (1794) Designed primarily by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton with strong support from President George Washington and chief negotiator John Jay. The treaty averted war and increased trade, which pleased both sides. British withdrawal from the posts they occupied in the Northwest Territory of the United States, which they had promised to abandon in 1783. Wartime debts and the US-Canada boundary were sent to arbitration.
Lord North: prime minister during American Revolution, first prime minister, in Britain or indeed anywhere else in the world, to be forced out of office by a motion of no confidence, resigning on 20 March 1782 on account of the British defeat at Yorktown the year before. In an attempt to end the war, he proposed the Conciliation Plan, in which he promised that Britain would eliminate all disagreeable acts if the colonies ended the war. The colonies rejected the plan, as their motivation was independence.
Ben Franklin: a national hero in America when he spearheaded the effort to have Parliament repeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations.
Northwest Ordinance: ( July 13, 1787)creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River.
Battle of Trenton: (December 26, 1776) after General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River north of Trenton, New Jersey. Washington to led the main body of the Continental Army against Hessian soldiers garrisoned at Trenton, captured, inspired re-enlistments.
Lord Cornwallis: leading British generals, 1781 defeat by a combined American-French force at the Siege of Yorktown is generally considered the end of the war, as the bulk of British troops surrendered with Cornwallis.
The Howes: British sympathetic to Colonists, William- costly assault on Breed's Hill known as the Battle of Bunker Hill and the successful capture of New York City and Philadelphia - the latter of which would have significant strategic implications. Richard- written to Franklin in a peacemaking effort. Because of his known sentiments, he was selected to command in America. He was joined in a commission with his brother, General Sir William Howe, head of the land forces, to attempt a reconciliation.
Continental Army: the army of the rebelling nation, soon to be the fledgling United States of America.
Valley Forge: (1777–1778) site of the camp of the American Continental Army, time of great suffering for George Washington's Army, but it was also a time of retraining and rejuvenation.
Battle Saratoga: (1777) decisive American victories resulting in the surrender of an entire British army of over 9,000 men invading New York from Canada
Slavery during the War: (1775) Dunmore issued a proclamation promising freedom to any slave of a rebel who could make it to the British lines. New England slaves fought for America, Southern, only Maryland allowed slaves to fight, Brits used fear of slave revolts to scare Americans to their side.
Popular Sovereignty: the legitimacy of the state is created by the will or consent of its people, who are the source of all political power.
Separation of Powers: state is divided into branches or estates, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility. The normal division of estates is into an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary.
Constitutional Convention: (1787) address problems in governing the United States of America James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was from the outset to create a new government rather than "fix" the existing one.
Joseph Brant: Mohawk leader and British military officer during the American Revolution, participated with Howe, urged Iroquois to support British
Robert Morris: American merchant and a signer to the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution. Financier of the Revolution.
Treaty of Paris: (1783) formal end of American Revolution, British recognize new nation
Wilderness Road: principal route used by settlers to reach Kentucky, 1775, Daniel Boone blazed a trail for the Transylvania Company.
Daniel Shays: (1786-1787) led an army of farmers in Shays' Rebellion, which was a revolt against the state government of Massachusetts, and a key event in the early history of the United States. The rebellion underscored the weakness of the Articles of Confederation and played a significant part in the formation of the United States Constitution.
The Federalist: 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution published in The Independent Journal and The New York Packet.
Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776: Voting franchise for all tax-paying free men, unicameral legislature, Supreme Executive Council, judiciary, President elected by the Assembly and Council together
Annapolis Convention: Assembly of the Counties of Maryland that functioned as the colonys’ revolutionary government from 1774 to 1776.
Indian Allegiance during the War: Most Native Americans who joined the struggle sided with the British, hoping to use the American Revolutionary War to halt further colonial expansion onto Native American land.
Religious Transformation: Anglican Church became vulnerable- dissenters disestablished it in every southern state, Virginia’s 1786 Statute for Religious Freedom guaranteed free choice in religion and made church attendance and support of ministers voluntary activities, Congregational Church in north fared better, most states restricted office holding to Christians or Protestants, Jews and Catholics benefited from the new atmosphere of tolerance.
Emancipation: Most slaves who reached British lines won their freedom, even though the British army never became an instrument of systematic emancipation, revolution freed tens of thousands of slaves, but it also gave new vitality to slavery within the region that people were beginning to call “the South,” within a generation, slavery was abolished in North, race became a defining factor in both regions
Women's Rights: Subtle changes, women assumed new responsibilities as men left farms and homes to fight in the Revolution, Northeast women learned to read and write.
Post War Relations Between the U.S. and Britain: independence was recognized in 1783
Spain: fought on the side of USA in the Revolution, in 1779, Spain joined France in its war against Britain, hoping to retake Gibraltar and to stabilize Spain’s North American borders, Treaty negotiated with Spain in 1786 offered northern merchants trading privileges with Spanish colonies in exchange for closure of Mississippi River to American traffic for 25 years
...Read more
Articles of Confedereation: (1777: proposed, 1781: ratified) governing constitution of the alliance of thirteen independent and sovereign states styled "United States of America."
Powers of the Confederation Congress: opened in the last stages of the American Revolution, passed important laws including Northwest Ordinance, issued a Constitution to replace the Articles.
Benedict Arnold: a general during the American Revolutionary War who originally fought for the American Continental Army, but switched sides to the British Empire.
Nathanael Greene: a major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War.
Battle of Princeton: (January 3, 1777) a victory for General Washington's revolutionary forces over British forces near Princeton, New Jersey.
John Burgoyne: British army officer, politician and dramatist. During the American Revolutionary War, on October 17, 1777, at Saratoga he surrendered his army of 9,000 men.
Brandywine Creek: (September 11, 1777) battle of the Philadelphia campaign of the American Revolutionary War. Decisive victory for the British, left Philadelphia, the revolutionary capital, undefended. The British captured the city on September 26, beginning an occupation that would last until June, 1778.
Marquis de Lafayette: French military officer, a general in the American Revolutionary War, in the Continental Army under George Washington, negotiated an increased French commitment to the war.
Vergennes: French supporter of the Thirteen Colonies, approved of support for secret French assistance, as arms and volunteers supplied to the Americans.
Francois de Grasse: French navy admiral, came to the aid of Americans with 3,000 men, landed reinforcements in Virginia, decisively defeated the British fleet in the Battle of the Chesapeake (September 1781). Drew away English forces, blockaded the coast until Lord Cornwallis surrendered, ensuring the independence of USA.
Pierre de Beaumarchais: French, founded a commercial enterprise, Roderigue Hortalez and Co., supported by the French and Spanish crowns, whose real purpose was to supply the American rebels with weapons, munitions, clothes, and provisions.
Thoughts on Government: (1776) by John Adams, suggestions on the establishment of a new government and the drafting of a constitution. "Politics is the Science of human Happiness -and the Felicity of Societies depends on the Constitutions of Government under which they live."
Bicameralism: a legislature which consists of two chambers or houses, adopted under the US Constitution.
Loyalists: those Americans who fought with the British during the American Revolution.
Banastre Tarleton: British soldier and politician, reputation for ruthlessness, involvement in the Waxhaw (Tarleton) Massacre earned him the nickname "Bloody Ban" and "Butcher" amongst American revolutionaries. The British and American loyalists hailed him as an outstanding leader of light cavalry.
Battle of Cowpens:(January 17, 1781) victory by American Revolutionary forces under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, in the Southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War. It was a turning point in the reconquest of South Carolina from the British, and an American tactical masterpiece.
Yorktown: (1781) victory by American forces led by General George Washington and French forces led by General Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by General Lord Cornwallis. It proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War, as the surrender of Cornwallis’s army (the second major surrender of the war) prompted the British government to eventually negotiate an end to the conflict.
Daniel Boone: led settlers west, blazed Wilderness Trail, militia officer during the American Revolutionary War, in Kentucky was fought primarily between settlers and British-allied American Indians.
Virginia Plan: Advocated by more populous states, call for two houses of Congress, both elected with proportional representation.
New Jersey Plan: Response to Virginia plan, less populous states adamantly opposed to giving most of the control to larger states, proposed an alternate plan that gave one vote per state for equal representation under one legislative body (i.e., a Unicameral Legislature).
Powers of Congress: authority over financial and budgetary matters, role in national defense, "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof."
"necessary and proper" clause: The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
Three-fifths Compromise: for taxation purposes, slaves would count as 3/5 of a person
Great Compromise: defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have, a bicameral legislature, resulting in the current United States Senate and House of Representatives.
Criticism of the 1787 Constitution: it had no definitive decision regarding slavery, it was weighted toward the interests of larger states.
Ratification of the 1787 Constitution: nine states to ratify the constitution for it to go into effect. Convention submitted the Constitution to the Congress of the Confederation, where it received approval.
Massachusetts Constitution: (September 1 and October 30, 1779) Drafted by John Adams, Samuel Adams, and James Bowdoin during the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention. Structured, replicated by the US Constitution, preamble, declaration of rights, description of the framework of government, and articles of amendment.
"Republican Mother": belief that children should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism, making them the perfect citizens of the new nation.
Jay Treaty: (1794) Designed primarily by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton with strong support from President George Washington and chief negotiator John Jay. The treaty averted war and increased trade, which pleased both sides. British withdrawal from the posts they occupied in the Northwest Territory of the United States, which they had promised to abandon in 1783. Wartime debts and the US-Canada boundary were sent to arbitration.
Lord North: prime minister during American Revolution, first prime minister, in Britain or indeed anywhere else in the world, to be forced out of office by a motion of no confidence, resigning on 20 March 1782 on account of the British defeat at Yorktown the year before. In an attempt to end the war, he proposed the Conciliation Plan, in which he promised that Britain would eliminate all disagreeable acts if the colonies ended the war. The colonies rejected the plan, as their motivation was independence.
Ben Franklin: a national hero in America when he spearheaded the effort to have Parliament repeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations.
Northwest Ordinance: ( July 13, 1787)creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River.
Battle of Trenton: (December 26, 1776) after General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River north of Trenton, New Jersey. Washington to led the main body of the Continental Army against Hessian soldiers garrisoned at Trenton, captured, inspired re-enlistments.
Lord Cornwallis: leading British generals, 1781 defeat by a combined American-French force at the Siege of Yorktown is generally considered the end of the war, as the bulk of British troops surrendered with Cornwallis.
The Howes: British sympathetic to Colonists, William- costly assault on Breed's Hill known as the Battle of Bunker Hill and the successful capture of New York City and Philadelphia - the latter of which would have significant strategic implications. Richard- written to Franklin in a peacemaking effort. Because of his known sentiments, he was selected to command in America. He was joined in a commission with his brother, General Sir William Howe, head of the land forces, to attempt a reconciliation.
Continental Army: the army of the rebelling nation, soon to be the fledgling United States of America.
Valley Forge: (1777–1778) site of the camp of the American Continental Army, time of great suffering for George Washington's Army, but it was also a time of retraining and rejuvenation.
Battle Saratoga: (1777) decisive American victories resulting in the surrender of an entire British army of over 9,000 men invading New York from Canada
Slavery during the War: (1775) Dunmore issued a proclamation promising freedom to any slave of a rebel who could make it to the British lines. New England slaves fought for America, Southern, only Maryland allowed slaves to fight, Brits used fear of slave revolts to scare Americans to their side.
Popular Sovereignty: the legitimacy of the state is created by the will or consent of its people, who are the source of all political power.
Separation of Powers: state is divided into branches or estates, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility. The normal division of estates is into an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary.
Constitutional Convention: (1787) address problems in governing the United States of America James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was from the outset to create a new government rather than "fix" the existing one.
Joseph Brant: Mohawk leader and British military officer during the American Revolution, participated with Howe, urged Iroquois to support British
Robert Morris: American merchant and a signer to the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution. Financier of the Revolution.
Treaty of Paris: (1783) formal end of American Revolution, British recognize new nation
Wilderness Road: principal route used by settlers to reach Kentucky, 1775, Daniel Boone blazed a trail for the Transylvania Company.
Daniel Shays: (1786-1787) led an army of farmers in Shays' Rebellion, which was a revolt against the state government of Massachusetts, and a key event in the early history of the United States. The rebellion underscored the weakness of the Articles of Confederation and played a significant part in the formation of the United States Constitution.
The Federalist: 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution published in The Independent Journal and The New York Packet.
Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776: Voting franchise for all tax-paying free men, unicameral legislature, Supreme Executive Council, judiciary, President elected by the Assembly and Council together
Annapolis Convention: Assembly of the Counties of Maryland that functioned as the colonys’ revolutionary government from 1774 to 1776.
Indian Allegiance during the War: Most Native Americans who joined the struggle sided with the British, hoping to use the American Revolutionary War to halt further colonial expansion onto Native American land.
Religious Transformation: Anglican Church became vulnerable- dissenters disestablished it in every southern state, Virginia’s 1786 Statute for Religious Freedom guaranteed free choice in religion and made church attendance and support of ministers voluntary activities, Congregational Church in north fared better, most states restricted office holding to Christians or Protestants, Jews and Catholics benefited from the new atmosphere of tolerance.
Emancipation: Most slaves who reached British lines won their freedom, even though the British army never became an instrument of systematic emancipation, revolution freed tens of thousands of slaves, but it also gave new vitality to slavery within the region that people were beginning to call “the South,” within a generation, slavery was abolished in North, race became a defining factor in both regions
Women's Rights: Subtle changes, women assumed new responsibilities as men left farms and homes to fight in the Revolution, Northeast women learned to read and write.
Post War Relations Between the U.S. and Britain: independence was recognized in 1783
Spain: fought on the side of USA in the Revolution, in 1779, Spain joined France in its war against Britain, hoping to retake Gibraltar and to stabilize Spain’s North American borders, Treaty negotiated with Spain in 1786 offered northern merchants trading privileges with Spanish colonies in exchange for closure of Mississippi River to American traffic for 25 years
...Read more
Thursday, October 2, 2008
Terms and Names: Chapter 5
George III: (r. 1760-1820) Hannover. Presided over French Indian War, Britain became dominant power in America and India.
Proclamation of 1763: Following end of French Indian War, forbade colonists of the thirteen colonies from settling or buying land west of the Appalachian Mountains. Angered Iroquois who had land to the East.
Pontiac's War: (1763–1766) General Amherst imposes laws on Great Lakes Indians, who retaliate, use of biological warfare- smallpox on blankets. Contributing factor to Proclamation Act.
Quartering Act: (1765) Standing army during peacetime to be quartered in barracks or public places, and if no room, in unused buildings provided by the legislatures. Angered colonists as taxation without representation. Uncooperative legislatures. (1774) Governors could take charge if no housing was provided, housing in public buildings, but no provision requirements.
Sons of Liberty: secret organization of American patriots who took action against British imposition of power
Stamp Act Congress: (1765) Meeting of reps from 9/13 colonies to discuss Stamp Acts. All delegates loyal to George III.
Patrick Henry: led first protests in Virginia House of Burgesses against Stamp Act in May 1765.
William Pitt: Secretary of State of Britain during French Indian War.
Regulator Movement: (1764-1771) Uprising in North Carolina, lower class citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials who took advantage of the system.
Feudal Revival: (1730-1750) British landowners started to look to American holdings for money, crackdown for more money, most lucrative is Pennsylvania, quitrants were feudal taxes, direct w/out representation.
Gaspee Affair: (1772) British revinue ship runs aground while chasing an American ship, to collect dues. Was boarded by American patriots, burned.
Phillis Wheatley: African slave adopted by her white owner, taught to read and write, went on to write poetry, was emancipated by her family, brought to America at a young age, wrote poetry commending Christianization while deploring slavery.
Sarah Osborn: English immigrant who opened a school in Newport, Rhode Island, that admitted women and blacks.
Thomas Hutchinson: (1771-1774) governor of Massachusetts, house attacked and burned following passing of Stamp Act. Wrote general search warrants, government controlled solely by the Crown.
Thomas Gage: (1763-1775) British general in charge of North American forces. He and 2200 British try to take Breeds Hill from the Americans, after battle is replaced by General Howe.
Quebec Act: (1774) Act of the Parliament of Great Britain setting procedures of governance in the Province of Quebec: Expansion of territory to take over part of the Indian Reserve, Replaced the oath of allegiance so that it no longer made reference to the Protestant faith, Guaranteed free practice of the Catholic faith, Restored the use of the French civil law for private matters while maintaining the use of the English common law for public administration, including criminal prosecution.
Continental Congress: (1774-1789) met three times, convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution.
Olive Branch Petition: (July 5, 1775) Said colonies did not want independence but that they merely wanted to negotiate trade and tax regulations with Great Britain. Didn’t work.
Thomas Paine: (1776) Common Sense, advocating colonial America's independence from the Great Britain, (1776–1783) The American Crisis, a pro-revolutionary pamphlet series.
Declaration of Independence: (July 4, 1776) Thirteen colonies announcement to Great Britain that they are no longer part of the Kingdom.
Paul Revere: American patriot, helped organize an intelligence and alarm system to keep watch on the British military.
Grenville Administration: (1763-1765) opposed Walpole, prosecution of John Wilkes and the passing of the American Stamp Act 1765. Colonists disliked, dismissed in favor of Rockingham.
Paxton Boys: backcountry Presbyterian Scots-Irish from around Pennsylvania who wanted to kill any Indians possible, so killed friendly ones.
Sugar Act: (1764) imposed a tax of three pence per gallon of molasses, reducing the rate in half and increasing measures to enforce the tax, the British hoped that the tax would actually be collected. It wasn’t- economic impact (not taxation without representation) which inspired colonists to protest.
Stamp Act: (1765) required all legal documents, permits, commercial contracts, newspapers, wills, pamphlets, and playing cards in the colonies to carry a tax stamp. Britain attempting to get out of debt, colonists protest, force tax men to resign so it is never fully enforced.
Virtual Representation: concept that men without the vote were “virtually” represented by members of Parliament. Sparked contest when thought of as misrepresentation in the colonies.
Nonimportation Agreements: With the Tea Act, Boston adopts nonimportation, but merchants are disinclined to fully adopt, though artisans are ok with it. Women were more hurt. (September 5, 1774) First continental congress delegates agree to not import British goods to hurt them economically.
Massachusetts Circular Letter: (1768) written by Samuel Adams, passed by the Massachusetts House of Representatives, response to the Townshend Acts- tensions between the British Parliament, military occupation of Boston by the British Army.
Letter of a Pennsylvania Farmer: (1767) written by John Dickenson, a preeminent Philadelphia lawyer, advocated commercial protest against Great Britain, printed in every colonial newspaper
a. Denied distinction between internal and external taxes
b. Insisted that all parliamentary taxes for revenue violated colonists’ rights
c. Speculated about Townshend’s real motives
Battle of Alamance Creek: (1768) regulators refuse taxes: battle between regulators/frontier and moderators/coast
Boston Massacre: (March 5, 1770) Five civilian deaths by British soldiers, because of heavy British military presence in Boston.
Tea Act: (1773) East India Company gets monopoly on tea into America, colonists could boycott solely tea ships, wouldn’t let them into the port.
Revenue Act of 1766: law passed by Great Britain to enforce the provisions of the 1733 Sugar and Molasses Act. Lessened the tax but increased regulations.
Townshend Revenue Act: (1767) taxed common imports: lead, paper, paint, glass, and tea, new admiralty courts to try Americans and reaffirmed the legality of warrentless searches.
Declaratory Act: (1766) stated that Parliament had the right to make laws for the colonies in all matters. Colonists not too happy about this…
Coerecive Acts (Intolerable Acts): (1774) series of acts which imposed greater British rule, angered colonists. Contribute to Boston Tea Party.
First Continental Congress: delegates from twelve colonies, response to the passage of the Intolerable Acts by Parliament. In Philadelphia, attended by 55 members, organized an economic boycott of British trade, publish a list of rights and grievances, and petition King George for redress of those grievances. Still supported George.
Battle of Bunker (Breed's) Hill: (June 17, 1775) part of the Siege of Boston. Americans: Putnam, British: Howe. British won, but they suffered their greatest losses of the entire war.
Battles of Lexington and Concord: (April 19, 1755) outbreak of open armed combat between two forces.
Committee of Public Safety: (1760s)discuss the concerns of the time, militias under the control of committees, in communication with committees of correspondence.
Second Continental Congress: (May 10, 1775) managed the colonial war effort, and moved slowly towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States, became known as the Congress of the Confederation.
Common Sense: (January 10, 1776)argument for independence from British rule at a time when the question of independence was still undecided, like a sermon and relied on Biblical references to make his case to the people.
Hessians: German troops that had been hired by King George III to help to suppress the American revolution
...Read more
Proclamation of 1763: Following end of French Indian War, forbade colonists of the thirteen colonies from settling or buying land west of the Appalachian Mountains. Angered Iroquois who had land to the East.
Pontiac's War: (1763–1766) General Amherst imposes laws on Great Lakes Indians, who retaliate, use of biological warfare- smallpox on blankets. Contributing factor to Proclamation Act.
Quartering Act: (1765) Standing army during peacetime to be quartered in barracks or public places, and if no room, in unused buildings provided by the legislatures. Angered colonists as taxation without representation. Uncooperative legislatures. (1774) Governors could take charge if no housing was provided, housing in public buildings, but no provision requirements.
Sons of Liberty: secret organization of American patriots who took action against British imposition of power
Stamp Act Congress: (1765) Meeting of reps from 9/13 colonies to discuss Stamp Acts. All delegates loyal to George III.
Patrick Henry: led first protests in Virginia House of Burgesses against Stamp Act in May 1765.
William Pitt: Secretary of State of Britain during French Indian War.
Regulator Movement: (1764-1771) Uprising in North Carolina, lower class citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials who took advantage of the system.
Feudal Revival: (1730-1750) British landowners started to look to American holdings for money, crackdown for more money, most lucrative is Pennsylvania, quitrants were feudal taxes, direct w/out representation.
Gaspee Affair: (1772) British revinue ship runs aground while chasing an American ship, to collect dues. Was boarded by American patriots, burned.
Phillis Wheatley: African slave adopted by her white owner, taught to read and write, went on to write poetry, was emancipated by her family, brought to America at a young age, wrote poetry commending Christianization while deploring slavery.
Sarah Osborn: English immigrant who opened a school in Newport, Rhode Island, that admitted women and blacks.
Thomas Hutchinson: (1771-1774) governor of Massachusetts, house attacked and burned following passing of Stamp Act. Wrote general search warrants, government controlled solely by the Crown.
Thomas Gage: (1763-1775) British general in charge of North American forces. He and 2200 British try to take Breeds Hill from the Americans, after battle is replaced by General Howe.
Quebec Act: (1774) Act of the Parliament of Great Britain setting procedures of governance in the Province of Quebec: Expansion of territory to take over part of the Indian Reserve, Replaced the oath of allegiance so that it no longer made reference to the Protestant faith, Guaranteed free practice of the Catholic faith, Restored the use of the French civil law for private matters while maintaining the use of the English common law for public administration, including criminal prosecution.
Continental Congress: (1774-1789) met three times, convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution.
Olive Branch Petition: (July 5, 1775) Said colonies did not want independence but that they merely wanted to negotiate trade and tax regulations with Great Britain. Didn’t work.
Thomas Paine: (1776) Common Sense, advocating colonial America's independence from the Great Britain, (1776–1783) The American Crisis, a pro-revolutionary pamphlet series.
Declaration of Independence: (July 4, 1776) Thirteen colonies announcement to Great Britain that they are no longer part of the Kingdom.
Paul Revere: American patriot, helped organize an intelligence and alarm system to keep watch on the British military.
Grenville Administration: (1763-1765) opposed Walpole, prosecution of John Wilkes and the passing of the American Stamp Act 1765. Colonists disliked, dismissed in favor of Rockingham.
Paxton Boys: backcountry Presbyterian Scots-Irish from around Pennsylvania who wanted to kill any Indians possible, so killed friendly ones.
Sugar Act: (1764) imposed a tax of three pence per gallon of molasses, reducing the rate in half and increasing measures to enforce the tax, the British hoped that the tax would actually be collected. It wasn’t- economic impact (not taxation without representation) which inspired colonists to protest.
Stamp Act: (1765) required all legal documents, permits, commercial contracts, newspapers, wills, pamphlets, and playing cards in the colonies to carry a tax stamp. Britain attempting to get out of debt, colonists protest, force tax men to resign so it is never fully enforced.
Virtual Representation: concept that men without the vote were “virtually” represented by members of Parliament. Sparked contest when thought of as misrepresentation in the colonies.
Nonimportation Agreements: With the Tea Act, Boston adopts nonimportation, but merchants are disinclined to fully adopt, though artisans are ok with it. Women were more hurt. (September 5, 1774) First continental congress delegates agree to not import British goods to hurt them economically.
Massachusetts Circular Letter: (1768) written by Samuel Adams, passed by the Massachusetts House of Representatives, response to the Townshend Acts- tensions between the British Parliament, military occupation of Boston by the British Army.
Letter of a Pennsylvania Farmer: (1767) written by John Dickenson, a preeminent Philadelphia lawyer, advocated commercial protest against Great Britain, printed in every colonial newspaper
a. Denied distinction between internal and external taxes
b. Insisted that all parliamentary taxes for revenue violated colonists’ rights
c. Speculated about Townshend’s real motives
Battle of Alamance Creek: (1768) regulators refuse taxes: battle between regulators/frontier and moderators/coast
Boston Massacre: (March 5, 1770) Five civilian deaths by British soldiers, because of heavy British military presence in Boston.
Tea Act: (1773) East India Company gets monopoly on tea into America, colonists could boycott solely tea ships, wouldn’t let them into the port.
Revenue Act of 1766: law passed by Great Britain to enforce the provisions of the 1733 Sugar and Molasses Act. Lessened the tax but increased regulations.
Townshend Revenue Act: (1767) taxed common imports: lead, paper, paint, glass, and tea, new admiralty courts to try Americans and reaffirmed the legality of warrentless searches.
Declaratory Act: (1766) stated that Parliament had the right to make laws for the colonies in all matters. Colonists not too happy about this…
Coerecive Acts (Intolerable Acts): (1774) series of acts which imposed greater British rule, angered colonists. Contribute to Boston Tea Party.
First Continental Congress: delegates from twelve colonies, response to the passage of the Intolerable Acts by Parliament. In Philadelphia, attended by 55 members, organized an economic boycott of British trade, publish a list of rights and grievances, and petition King George for redress of those grievances. Still supported George.
Battle of Bunker (Breed's) Hill: (June 17, 1775) part of the Siege of Boston. Americans: Putnam, British: Howe. British won, but they suffered their greatest losses of the entire war.
Battles of Lexington and Concord: (April 19, 1755) outbreak of open armed combat between two forces.
Committee of Public Safety: (1760s)discuss the concerns of the time, militias under the control of committees, in communication with committees of correspondence.
Second Continental Congress: (May 10, 1775) managed the colonial war effort, and moved slowly towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States, became known as the Congress of the Confederation.
Common Sense: (January 10, 1776)argument for independence from British rule at a time when the question of independence was still undecided, like a sermon and relied on Biblical references to make his case to the people.
Hessians: German troops that had been hired by King George III to help to suppress the American revolution
...Read more
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