Contraband: property of the enemy that is legit to steal-- the big deal was that slaves could count and thereby be released
Vicksburg: June 1862 battle, confederate victory, then Union victory later that gave North control of the entire length of the Mississippi River
Copperheads: N. Opposition to Lincoln, believed war was a failure and should be abandoned, won control of Illinois and Indiana legislatures in fall, called for immediate armistice and a peace conference, affected morale in North
Chickamauga: Initial Union victory, confederate counterattack succeeded for a while, union eventually regained momentum and scored victory
Battle of Antietam: September 1862, called Sharpsburg by the Confederacy, single bloodiest day in American history, besides the third fallout, of course, McClellan’s caution resulted in draw rather than the win the Union could have achieved
54th Massachusetts Infantry: my brothers, one of the first official black units in the United States armed forces, proved to non-believers that black soldiers could be legit.
Emancipation Proclamation: Lincoln not happy with equivocal Union victor, did prevent British and French recognition of Confederacy, Lincoln issued preliminary emancipation proclamation in September, signed on New Year’s Day 1863, excluded border states, plus Tennessee and those portions of Louisiana and Virginia under federal occupation, essentially made Union soldiers an army of liberation, however reluctant
Ulysses S. Grant: Union grand poohbah, in charge of stuff, not afraid to take risks
Ambrose E. Burnside: sideburns, apparently, replaced McClellan, and was also timid, cautious and EPIC FAIL.
William T. Sherman: led siege of Atlanta, thought breaking the south's morale was the goal, the burning of the confederacy is attributed to him.
Joseph Hooker: remembered for his stunning defeat by Confederate General Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863.
Andersonville Prison: argest Confederate military prison during the American Civil War, holocaust-like conditions
Clement L. Vallandigham: Peace Democrat, planned to run for governor of Ohio in 1863, arrested and convicted of treason and aiding and abetting the enemy, Lincoln commuted sentence to banishment to Confederacy, escaped to Canada
Philip Sheridan: after routing Confederate forces, Philip Sheridan set about destroying the valley’s crops and mills,
Battle of Cedar Creek: Shenandoah valley, battle of Cedar Creek ended Confederate power in the valley, solidified Lincoln’s reelection
Homestead Act: granted land to farmers who lived on and improved land
Morrill Land-grant College Act: gave land to states for establishment of public colleges
Pacific Railroad Act: granted land for construction of transcontinental railroad
United States Sanitary Commission: agency to coordinate the volunteer efforts of women who wanted to contribute
Thirteenth Amendment: officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude
Battle of Chancellorsvile: Brilliant victory for Robert E. Lee and the Confederacy, morale buster in North, where Lincoln worried how it would affect public opinion, emboldened Lee, who planned another invasion of the North
Battle of Gettysburg: "Greatest battle in American history," resulted in more than 50,000 men killed, wounded, or captured, great Northern victory, coincided with other Union victories in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Tennessee
Pickett's Charge: Confederate attempt to strike in the "center" of Union forces on the third day of Gettysberg, EPIC FAIL, a moral blow which the South never recovered from
Benjamin Butler: his administration of occupied New Orleans, his policies regarding slaves as contraband, his ineffectual leadership in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign, and the fiasco of Fort Fisher rank him as one of the most controversial political generals
George McClellan: cautious Union general, made Antietam a draw rather than Union victory, replaced with Burnside, nominated for president in '64 election
Fredricksburg: Burnside v. Lee: confederate victory, super one-sided, Union had major losses, in spotsylvania county
William S. Rosecrans: Union general, victor at prominent Western Theater, but career ended after disastrous loss at Battle of Chickamauga in 1863
Richmond Bread Riots: triggered by Sherman's having burned everything, and Union control of Southern railroads and supply lines, and inflation, peaceful protest of thousands of people covered ten square blocks
New York Draft Riots: new measures in the summer of 1862 came close to a nationwide draft in North inspired unrest among peace democrats, government arrested dissenters
Dr.Elizabeth Blackwell: FIRST WOMAN DOCTOR!
George Thomas: principal commander in the Western Theater, defense at the Battle of Chickamauga in 1863 saved the Union Army, "Rock of Chickamauga," breakthrough on Missionary Ridge in the Battle of Chattanooga, won in battle of Nashville
Braxton Bragg: Confederate commander, on western front, invaded Kentucky, but was a strategic failure
Port Hudson: small town in Louisiana, site of Union Siege of Port Hudson.
Fort Wagner: a fortification on Morris Island, South Carolina, that covered the southern approach to Charleston harbor.
Wilderness: renewed determination to fight emerged by spring of 1864, army would fight a war of attrition on Southern soil, might thereby weaken Union morale and compel peace talks,might work, given growing desire for peace in North, two days of military confrontation in woods of Virginia in May, confederates halted Union offensive and claimed victory
Spotsylvania: Confederates at Spotsylvania fought from an elaborate network of trenches and log breastworks, Grant could claim no more than a stalemate at Spotsylvania
Cold Harbor: Grant mistakenly advanced. and Confederates suffered a tremendous defeat
John Bell Hood: Confederate General with reputation for bravery and aggressiveness that sometimes bordered on recklessness, lost in the Atlanta Campaign and the Franklin-Nashville Campaign.
Horace Greeley: peace talks, pursued discussions with Confederacy in summer of 1864
Fort Pillow: Confederate victory, April 1864, ended in the killing of 229 Black Union soldiers out of 262 engaged in the battle, Confederates: Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, labeled a massacre.
"March to the Sea": Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah, December 22, burned and destroyed everything in path.
Peace Initiatives: South wanted recognition of Confederate independence, North wanted restoration of Union and abandonment of slavery, after War, conflict over prisoner exchanges, generous peace terms in war treaty
Appomattox: amy of Northern Virginia was only entity keeping Confederacy alive by March 1865, but it was on verge of disintegration, after abandonment of Petersburg and Richmond, Lee had no choice but to surrender to Grant in April, peace terms were generous
John Wilkes Booth: lame guy. Killed Lincoln at the theater, and was later caught and executed.
...Read more
Saturday, January 17, 2009
Terms & Names: Chapter 15
I'M UPDATING AS WE SPEAK, SO JUST HIT REFRESH IF YOU'RE "COOPORATIVELY LEARNING" WITH THESE.
NOBODY JUST STRAIGHT UP COPY TO A WORD DOCUMENT AND HIT PRINT. THAT'S JUST TACKY.
John C Breckinridge: Southern rights Democrat (the party which formed after S. Democrats walked out of the convention), 1860 presidential candidate, from Kentucky, ran on a slave-code platform
John Bell: from Tennessee, Constitutional Union Party presidential candidate for 1860 election,
Constitutional Union Party: formed by former southern Whigs who couldn't bring themselves to vote democratic and northern Whigs who considered the Republican party too radical. Nominated John Bell-- 1860 election.
Fire-eaters: group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America.
Crittenden Compromise: Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden-- a series of proposed constitutional amendments (guaranteed slavery in states against fed interference, prohibit Congress from nixing slavery in DC, deny Congress right to interfere with interstate slave trade, compensate slave-holders who were prevented from recovering fugitive slaves, protect slavery south of 36, 30); it failed.
Confederate States of America: a new nation comprised of those southern states which seceded following the election of Abraham Lincoln: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas.
Jefferson Davis: elected president of the Confederate States of America, for his moderate political nature which would appeal to the border states, and his government and military experience.
Alexander H. Stephens: elected vice president of CSA for same reasons Davis was, but didn't get along well with Davis; consequently did very little over the course of the confederacy.
Fort Sumter: South Carolinian fort to which Major Anderson moved his troops for more easy defense. Essentially the location of the start of the civil war because of the Confederacy's ansyness to get to it.
Major Robert Anderson: commander of Federal troops at fort sumter, oversaw their defense against southern attack
Robert E. Lee: Earned reputation for boldness, a willingness to take risks, an almost uncanny ability to read the enemy commander’s mind, and great charisma, assumed command of what he called the Amy of Northern Virginia in June 1862
David Farragut: Union navy head honcho, paraphrased: "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!"
First Manassas (Bull Run): May 1861 The one with the pic nicks-- the north lost hardcore, and all notions of a "quick war" were obliterated, took place near DC, Resulted in appointment of George B. McClellan to organize new troops into the Amry of the Potomac (UNION)
Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson: scored series of important Confederate victories in the Shenandoah in May and June 1862, beloved general, was killed, and people were sad
Army of the Patomac: Union Army
George B. McClellan: timid general appointed to lead Union Army following Bull Run. EPIC FAIL
William H. Seward: more radical, outspoken version of Lincoln, who was other potential Republican nominee for '60 election, but gracefully stepped down to preserve a united party backing Lincoln for election
Forts Henry and Donelson: the ones on the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers, respectively, which the north captured, and were able to penetrate deeply into the south's strongholds of manliness.
Ulysses S. Grant: (the US stands for Ultra Sexy, or UNITED STATES) not afraid to take risks, led attacks on Henry and Donelson-- kicked butt.
Battle of Shiloh: April 1862 S. attacked Grant on Tennessee R., Grant surprised, but recovered and went on offensive=> Union victory, but at cost of 13,000 casualties
Minie ball: that bullet Tucker showed us, which had little rivets so it could shoot better or something; moral of the story, it revolutionized the world of killing people.
Army of Northern Virginia: Robert E. Lee dubbed his confederate army this when he took charge in June '62
Vicksburg: THE STREET KELLIE LIVES ON! Woah, creeper? No, um. Union victory at Memphis in June followed by assault on Vicksburg? That's all folks.
Shenandoah Valley: the mountainous region of West Virginia which seceded from the Confederacy to join the Union because it was more closely linked, economically to the Ohio and Indianian shin digs.
King Cotton Diplomacy: belief by the confederacy in the ability of cotton to get them through the hard times, and they used it as a ploy to get Britain to recognize their legitimacy: EPIC FAIL, yet again.
Army of Tennessee: principal Confederate army operating between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River
Greenbacks: money, money, money, yo. The Union's system of using paper money to stimulate the economy. It kept inflation down, at least below that of the CSA.
Seven Days' Battles: June 1862 Lee attacked McClellan’s forces repeatedly, driving them from Richmond, confederate victory was costly, but reversed momentum of the war
Blockade runners: those confederate ships which were able to evade the N. Blockade in the early years of the war
The Monitor and the Virginia: iron clad ships Virginia (S.) v. Monitor (N.) basically, they fired guns at sheer metal and nothing happened, though the Virginia was rarely ever used again by the S because of money reasons
Second Battle of Bull Run: August 1862 Great victory for Confederacy, led to Confederate invasion of Maryland in September
Trent Affair: October 1861 two S. diplomats slipped through blockade aboard a British mail steamer, intercepted by U.S. naval vessel, whose captain took the diplomats prisoner, N was stoked, but Britain were kinda pissed, led media to war fever, Lincoln ordered diplomats released, which satisfied Britain and ended crisis
Nathan Bedford Forrest: Forrest Gump's great uncle-- cavalry leader and Klu Klux Klan founding father (all around dumb face)
Anaconda Plan: N. strategy to wrap troops around S. of CSA troops and cinch down on them do something, or something, and win. See picture below.
...Read more
NOBODY JUST STRAIGHT UP COPY TO A WORD DOCUMENT AND HIT PRINT. THAT'S JUST TACKY.
John C Breckinridge: Southern rights Democrat (the party which formed after S. Democrats walked out of the convention), 1860 presidential candidate, from Kentucky, ran on a slave-code platform
John Bell: from Tennessee, Constitutional Union Party presidential candidate for 1860 election,
Constitutional Union Party: formed by former southern Whigs who couldn't bring themselves to vote democratic and northern Whigs who considered the Republican party too radical. Nominated John Bell-- 1860 election.
Fire-eaters: group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America.
Crittenden Compromise: Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden-- a series of proposed constitutional amendments (guaranteed slavery in states against fed interference, prohibit Congress from nixing slavery in DC, deny Congress right to interfere with interstate slave trade, compensate slave-holders who were prevented from recovering fugitive slaves, protect slavery south of 36, 30); it failed.
Confederate States of America: a new nation comprised of those southern states which seceded following the election of Abraham Lincoln: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas.
Jefferson Davis: elected president of the Confederate States of America, for his moderate political nature which would appeal to the border states, and his government and military experience.
Alexander H. Stephens: elected vice president of CSA for same reasons Davis was, but didn't get along well with Davis; consequently did very little over the course of the confederacy.
Fort Sumter: South Carolinian fort to which Major Anderson moved his troops for more easy defense. Essentially the location of the start of the civil war because of the Confederacy's ansyness to get to it.
Major Robert Anderson: commander of Federal troops at fort sumter, oversaw their defense against southern attack
Robert E. Lee: Earned reputation for boldness, a willingness to take risks, an almost uncanny ability to read the enemy commander’s mind, and great charisma, assumed command of what he called the Amy of Northern Virginia in June 1862
David Farragut: Union navy head honcho, paraphrased: "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!"
First Manassas (Bull Run): May 1861 The one with the pic nicks-- the north lost hardcore, and all notions of a "quick war" were obliterated, took place near DC, Resulted in appointment of George B. McClellan to organize new troops into the Amry of the Potomac (UNION)
Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson: scored series of important Confederate victories in the Shenandoah in May and June 1862, beloved general, was killed, and people were sad
Army of the Patomac: Union Army
George B. McClellan: timid general appointed to lead Union Army following Bull Run. EPIC FAIL
William H. Seward: more radical, outspoken version of Lincoln, who was other potential Republican nominee for '60 election, but gracefully stepped down to preserve a united party backing Lincoln for election
Forts Henry and Donelson: the ones on the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers, respectively, which the north captured, and were able to penetrate deeply into the south's strongholds of manliness.
Ulysses S. Grant: (the US stands for Ultra Sexy, or UNITED STATES) not afraid to take risks, led attacks on Henry and Donelson-- kicked butt.
Battle of Shiloh: April 1862 S. attacked Grant on Tennessee R., Grant surprised, but recovered and went on offensive=> Union victory, but at cost of 13,000 casualties
Minie ball: that bullet Tucker showed us, which had little rivets so it could shoot better or something; moral of the story, it revolutionized the world of killing people.
Army of Northern Virginia: Robert E. Lee dubbed his confederate army this when he took charge in June '62
Vicksburg: THE STREET KELLIE LIVES ON! Woah, creeper? No, um. Union victory at Memphis in June followed by assault on Vicksburg? That's all folks.
Shenandoah Valley: the mountainous region of West Virginia which seceded from the Confederacy to join the Union because it was more closely linked, economically to the Ohio and Indianian shin digs.
King Cotton Diplomacy: belief by the confederacy in the ability of cotton to get them through the hard times, and they used it as a ploy to get Britain to recognize their legitimacy: EPIC FAIL, yet again.
Army of Tennessee: principal Confederate army operating between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River
Greenbacks: money, money, money, yo. The Union's system of using paper money to stimulate the economy. It kept inflation down, at least below that of the CSA.
Seven Days' Battles: June 1862 Lee attacked McClellan’s forces repeatedly, driving them from Richmond, confederate victory was costly, but reversed momentum of the war
Blockade runners: those confederate ships which were able to evade the N. Blockade in the early years of the war
The Monitor and the Virginia: iron clad ships Virginia (S.) v. Monitor (N.) basically, they fired guns at sheer metal and nothing happened, though the Virginia was rarely ever used again by the S because of money reasons
Second Battle of Bull Run: August 1862 Great victory for Confederacy, led to Confederate invasion of Maryland in September
Trent Affair: October 1861 two S. diplomats slipped through blockade aboard a British mail steamer, intercepted by U.S. naval vessel, whose captain took the diplomats prisoner, N was stoked, but Britain were kinda pissed, led media to war fever, Lincoln ordered diplomats released, which satisfied Britain and ended crisis
Nathan Bedford Forrest: Forrest Gump's great uncle-- cavalry leader and Klu Klux Klan founding father (all around dumb face)
Anaconda Plan: N. strategy to wrap troops around S. of CSA troops and cinch down on them do something, or something, and win. See picture below.
...Read more
Friday, January 16, 2009
Thursday, January 15, 2009
Potential Free Response Questions
From Unit 3:
Ways transportation ruined the economy:
a. steamboats & roads
b. canals
c. railroads
A. steamboats & roads:
1. National road linking Potomac River and Ohio River built from 1816-1818, but transport is still hella expensive
2. Robert Fulton created the first steamboat to go upstream, soon after many more are created that can go faster and faster.
3. Shipping from the interior on steamboats was increased by 440,000 tons from 1810-1840
B. Canals
1. NY governor DeWitt Clinton built Erie canal across New York and the Old Northwest, 364 miles, complez feat of engineering, cost $7.5 mil but quickly repaid and made profit. Made grain export from NY interior possibel, expanded market.
C. Railroads
1. connected major cities to rivers, canals, and other cities.
2. 30,000 miles of railroad by 1860
3. NY Central made Erie canal obsolete, despite the fact that at that point canal shipping was still cheaper (Daniel).
After the railroad/road/steamboat/canal boom, farmers rarely lived more than 20 miles from one of these transport wonders
A. Missouri compromise 1820
1. Massachusets creates Maine to balance the admission of Missouri.
2. Thomas Proviso: If Missouri becomes a slave state, slavery above the 36 Northern latitude line will be outlawed extending to the then Spanish Territory, which eventually became Mexican Territory, which eventually became our territory.
3. Prez James Monroe applauds North for putting the national unity before morality (i.e. slavery)
4. Polk endorsed extending Missouri Compromise line all the way to the Pacific.
B. Mexican War
1. whigs and Northeastern people (mostly in New England) opposes the war because they saw it as more land for slavery.
2. antislavery groups suspect expansion is a ploy to extend slavery.
3. James Russel Lowell, a poet, wrote a poem (how fitting) about the aquistion of California only being for the purpose of making a new slave state.
4.Polk doesn't want Mexican Territory to have slavery, he wrote it in hisdoary.
5. Wilmot Proviso: David Wilmot proposes and ammendment that would outlaw the creation of any slave states acquired from the Mexican Territory, passes House but is voted down in the Senate (shocker).
C. Compromise of 1850
1. Henry Clay's large package: 8 grouped proposals trying to balance North and South demands, failed. I don't think this qualifies as an action opposing slavery though.
2. William Seward was a biggie in the senate against slavery. Gave his famous "higher law" speech in the famous senate debates and claimed that slavery was a moral issue, it is wrong and viscious, God is a law higher than the constituion and slavery needed to end.
3. In response to the Fugitive Slave Act (part of Compromise of 1850) Northern states passed antikidnapping laws that gave slaves rights in court, as well as personal liberty laws that hindered feneral execution of said law.
D. Kansas-Nebraska Act
1. Abraham Lincoln vehemently opposed this, enough to make him return to politics. Debate Douglas about the morals of slavery, called him out on this in Freeport Question.
2. American people in North think popular sovreignty is southern BS and want a national decision on such a huge decision.
3. Abolitionists, Free Soilers, N. Whigs, some N. Dems all oppose this act, but it still passes because enough northern Dems vote for it.
- Although Americans perceived Manifest Destiny as a benevolent movement, it was in fact an aggressive imperialism pursued at the expense of others. [I'm assuming the question would be defend or refute this statement.]
- Discuss the impact of territorial expansion on national unity between 1800 and 1860.
From Unit 4:
- Developments in transportation, rather than in manufacturing and agriculture sparked American economic growth in the first half of the nineteenth century. Assess the validity of this statement.
Ways transportation ruined the economy:
a. steamboats & roads
b. canals
c. railroads
A. steamboats & roads:
1. National road linking Potomac River and Ohio River built from 1816-1818, but transport is still hella expensive
2. Robert Fulton created the first steamboat to go upstream, soon after many more are created that can go faster and faster.
3. Shipping from the interior on steamboats was increased by 440,000 tons from 1810-1840
B. Canals
1. NY governor DeWitt Clinton built Erie canal across New York and the Old Northwest, 364 miles, complez feat of engineering, cost $7.5 mil but quickly repaid and made profit. Made grain export from NY interior possibel, expanded market.
C. Railroads
1. connected major cities to rivers, canals, and other cities.
2. 30,000 miles of railroad by 1860
3. NY Central made Erie canal obsolete, despite the fact that at that point canal shipping was still cheaper (Daniel).
After the railroad/road/steamboat/canal boom, farmers rarely lived more than 20 miles from one of these transport wonders
- Assess the moral arguments and political actions of those opposed to the spread of slavery in the context of the following: Missouri Compromise, Mexican War, Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act.
A. Missouri compromise 1820
1. Massachusets creates Maine to balance the admission of Missouri.
2. Thomas Proviso: If Missouri becomes a slave state, slavery above the 36 Northern latitude line will be outlawed extending to the then Spanish Territory, which eventually became Mexican Territory, which eventually became our territory.
3. Prez James Monroe applauds North for putting the national unity before morality (i.e. slavery)
4. Polk endorsed extending Missouri Compromise line all the way to the Pacific.
B. Mexican War
1. whigs and Northeastern people (mostly in New England) opposes the war because they saw it as more land for slavery.
2. antislavery groups suspect expansion is a ploy to extend slavery.
3. James Russel Lowell, a poet, wrote a poem (how fitting) about the aquistion of California only being for the purpose of making a new slave state.
4.Polk doesn't want Mexican Territory to have slavery, he wrote it in hisdoary.
5. Wilmot Proviso: David Wilmot proposes and ammendment that would outlaw the creation of any slave states acquired from the Mexican Territory, passes House but is voted down in the Senate (shocker).
C. Compromise of 1850
1. Henry Clay's large package: 8 grouped proposals trying to balance North and South demands, failed. I don't think this qualifies as an action opposing slavery though.
2. William Seward was a biggie in the senate against slavery. Gave his famous "higher law" speech in the famous senate debates and claimed that slavery was a moral issue, it is wrong and viscious, God is a law higher than the constituion and slavery needed to end.
3. In response to the Fugitive Slave Act (part of Compromise of 1850) Northern states passed antikidnapping laws that gave slaves rights in court, as well as personal liberty laws that hindered feneral execution of said law.
D. Kansas-Nebraska Act
1. Abraham Lincoln vehemently opposed this, enough to make him return to politics. Debate Douglas about the morals of slavery, called him out on this in Freeport Question.
2. American people in North think popular sovreignty is southern BS and want a national decision on such a huge decision.
3. Abolitionists, Free Soilers, N. Whigs, some N. Dems all oppose this act, but it still passes because enough northern Dems vote for it.
Tuesday, January 13, 2009
Approaching the Civil War: FINALLY
BWAHAHHAHAHAHAHAHHAHAHAHAHAHAHHAHAHAHAHHA.
Is this great for anyone else? Am I just kinda perverse?
Wednesday, January 7, 2009
Terms & Names: Chapter 14
David R. Atchinson: Missouri, pro-slavery senator who led bands of border ruffians into Kansas to rig the election of a new government.
Stephen A. Douglas: supported popular sovereignty in Nebraska, largely compromised political future by supporting slavery in Kansas Nebraska Act, argued against Lincoln in the famous senate debates and won the senate seat, believed slavery an individual's decision
Abraham Lincoln: opposed Kansas Nebraska Act, 16th president, led country through Civil War, issued emancipation proclamation, opposed Douglas in Illinois senate debates.
American System of Manufacture: semi-skilled labor using machine tools and templates to make standardized, identical and interchangeable parts.
McCormick Reaper: created by Cyrus McCormick in 1834, helped the industrial revolution and American system of manufacture.
Kansas-Nebraska Act: created two new states, repealed Missouri Compromise, let settlers decide if they wanted slavery, ie popular sovereignty.
John C. Fremont: First republican candidate for president, known as the "pathfinder of the west," background as frontiersman.
Republican Party: one of the two major political parties in the United Sates, founded by anti-slavery activists, Lincoln was the first republican president.
The Impending Crisis of the South: a book written by Hinton Helper that attacked slavery as insufficient and a barrier o white economic opportunity.
King Cotton: term used in the south to illuminate the importance of the cotton crop to the confederate economy.
Hinton Rowan Helper: southern US critic of slavery in the 1850s, wrote The Impending Crisis of the South.
Nativism: opposition to immigrants, especially Catholic. Broke down the Whig party and created the Know-Nothings.
Know-Nothings: Nativism political movement, involving joining of two secret orders to create one party, maintaining that they "knew nothing," and who would eventually smoosh into the Republican party.
Panic of 1857: sudden downturn in the economy characterized by the failure of banks and businesses and brought on following the drop in grain prices at the end of the Crimean War in Europe. The panic was brief but affected the north disproportionately worse because of their manufacture-based economy.
Wendell Philips: American abolitionist in the 1850s, an amazing orator and agitator, influenced heavily by William Lloyd Garrison.
Bleeding Kansas: a series of bloody events involving free-states and pro-slavery "border ruffians," struggle over slavery in kansas.
"Border Ruffians": pro-slavery Missourians hat voted illegally in Kansas elections to secure a slavery-allowing constitution, and government.
Lecompton Constitution: rival proposal for constitution of Kansas to the previously proposed, anti-slavery "Topeka" constitution.
George Fitzhigh: Virginian author of two books containing comparisons of free labor, capitalism, and slavery that made slavery seem beneficial.
Charles Sumner: Massachusetts senator, and anti-slavery Republican devoted his energies to taking down the "slave power" who got caned by Preston Brooks
Preston Brooks: congressman from the south that tried to avenge a relative (Butler)'s honor by caning Senator Charles Sumner.
"Crime Against Kansas" Speech: speech by Charles Sumner given two days before Missourian "border ruffians" attacked Lawrence, Kansas. It attacked Kansas-Nebraska Act. Resulted in Sumner's being caned.
Dred Scott: slave who sued for his freedom in the Dred Scott v. Sanford case of 1857: ruled that blacks weren't citizens and couldn't bring suit in federal court, and that Missouri Compromise was once and for all null and void.
Roger B. Taney: supreme court Justice who delivered the majority decision in the Dred Scott case. Appointed during Jackson presidency.
Freeport Question: question during the second Lincoln-Douglas debate which, despite Douglas' winning the election, would take down his future political career. Lincoln tried to force Douglas to choose between popular sovereignty and the Dred Scott Case ruling, on the issue of slavery in the territories.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates: a series of seven debates between Lincoln and Douglas for an Illinois senate seat. Drew citizens from surrounding states because of heft of slavery issue.
John Brown: American abolitionist who advocated and practiced rebellion as a means to end all slavery. He led the Pottawatomie Massacre and assault on harper's fairy.
Paattawatomie Creek: massacre in 1856 in response to the Sacking of Lawrence, led by John Brown, the killed five pro-slavery "dudes" with broadswords. Bad-a? I think yes.
Harper's Ferry: John Brown raided the Armory here in 1859 with the help of several freed slaves, he hoped to instill a slave revolt in the south. Legit fed troops were sent in, and everyone was made aware of the excessive freak out, aka catalyst to Civil War.
James Buchanan: 15th President, northerner with southern sympathies, remained inactive in lead-up to civil war because he believed both secession and war to stop secession were illegal.
Ideology: of free labour, that slavery is taking away from the market competition for jobs and perpetuating the poor classes.
Northern Economy: grain, mostly industrialized, based on textiles, with a higher per capita, though there was a much larger working class, with a very poor standard of living.
Souther Economy: based in cotton, tobacco and other raw product export, mostly from slavery driven plantations, massive slavery population.
Immigration: the movement of people among countries while
...Read more
Stephen A. Douglas: supported popular sovereignty in Nebraska, largely compromised political future by supporting slavery in Kansas Nebraska Act, argued against Lincoln in the famous senate debates and won the senate seat, believed slavery an individual's decision
Abraham Lincoln: opposed Kansas Nebraska Act, 16th president, led country through Civil War, issued emancipation proclamation, opposed Douglas in Illinois senate debates.
American System of Manufacture: semi-skilled labor using machine tools and templates to make standardized, identical and interchangeable parts.
McCormick Reaper: created by Cyrus McCormick in 1834, helped the industrial revolution and American system of manufacture.
Kansas-Nebraska Act: created two new states, repealed Missouri Compromise, let settlers decide if they wanted slavery, ie popular sovereignty.
John C. Fremont: First republican candidate for president, known as the "pathfinder of the west," background as frontiersman.
Republican Party: one of the two major political parties in the United Sates, founded by anti-slavery activists, Lincoln was the first republican president.
The Impending Crisis of the South: a book written by Hinton Helper that attacked slavery as insufficient and a barrier o white economic opportunity.
King Cotton: term used in the south to illuminate the importance of the cotton crop to the confederate economy.
Hinton Rowan Helper: southern US critic of slavery in the 1850s, wrote The Impending Crisis of the South.
Nativism: opposition to immigrants, especially Catholic. Broke down the Whig party and created the Know-Nothings.
Know-Nothings: Nativism political movement, involving joining of two secret orders to create one party, maintaining that they "knew nothing," and who would eventually smoosh into the Republican party.
Panic of 1857: sudden downturn in the economy characterized by the failure of banks and businesses and brought on following the drop in grain prices at the end of the Crimean War in Europe. The panic was brief but affected the north disproportionately worse because of their manufacture-based economy.
Wendell Philips: American abolitionist in the 1850s, an amazing orator and agitator, influenced heavily by William Lloyd Garrison.
Bleeding Kansas: a series of bloody events involving free-states and pro-slavery "border ruffians," struggle over slavery in kansas.
"Border Ruffians": pro-slavery Missourians hat voted illegally in Kansas elections to secure a slavery-allowing constitution, and government.
Lecompton Constitution: rival proposal for constitution of Kansas to the previously proposed, anti-slavery "Topeka" constitution.
George Fitzhigh: Virginian author of two books containing comparisons of free labor, capitalism, and slavery that made slavery seem beneficial.
Charles Sumner: Massachusetts senator, and anti-slavery Republican devoted his energies to taking down the "slave power" who got caned by Preston Brooks
Preston Brooks: congressman from the south that tried to avenge a relative (Butler)'s honor by caning Senator Charles Sumner.
"Crime Against Kansas" Speech: speech by Charles Sumner given two days before Missourian "border ruffians" attacked Lawrence, Kansas. It attacked Kansas-Nebraska Act. Resulted in Sumner's being caned.
Dred Scott: slave who sued for his freedom in the Dred Scott v. Sanford case of 1857: ruled that blacks weren't citizens and couldn't bring suit in federal court, and that Missouri Compromise was once and for all null and void.
Roger B. Taney: supreme court Justice who delivered the majority decision in the Dred Scott case. Appointed during Jackson presidency.
Freeport Question: question during the second Lincoln-Douglas debate which, despite Douglas' winning the election, would take down his future political career. Lincoln tried to force Douglas to choose between popular sovereignty and the Dred Scott Case ruling, on the issue of slavery in the territories.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates: a series of seven debates between Lincoln and Douglas for an Illinois senate seat. Drew citizens from surrounding states because of heft of slavery issue.
John Brown: American abolitionist who advocated and practiced rebellion as a means to end all slavery. He led the Pottawatomie Massacre and assault on harper's fairy.
Paattawatomie Creek: massacre in 1856 in response to the Sacking of Lawrence, led by John Brown, the killed five pro-slavery "dudes" with broadswords. Bad-a? I think yes.
Harper's Ferry: John Brown raided the Armory here in 1859 with the help of several freed slaves, he hoped to instill a slave revolt in the south. Legit fed troops were sent in, and everyone was made aware of the excessive freak out, aka catalyst to Civil War.
James Buchanan: 15th President, northerner with southern sympathies, remained inactive in lead-up to civil war because he believed both secession and war to stop secession were illegal.
Ideology: of free labour, that slavery is taking away from the market competition for jobs and perpetuating the poor classes.
Northern Economy: grain, mostly industrialized, based on textiles, with a higher per capita, though there was a much larger working class, with a very poor standard of living.
Souther Economy: based in cotton, tobacco and other raw product export, mostly from slavery driven plantations, massive slavery population.
Immigration: the movement of people among countries while
Terms & Names: Chapter 13
John Tyler: "Tippecanoe and Tyler too..." VP to Harrison, President when he died. Handled Texas annexation issue.
Liberty Party: 1840s early abolitionists, mostly northern Whigs, andidate John P. Hale supported Wilmot Proviso concept, later smooshed into Free Soil Party.
Manifest Destiny: belief that US should take over entirety of North American territory from Atlantic to Pacific.
Santa Fe Trail: transportation route through southwestern North America connecting Missouri with Santa Fe, New Mexico. Used primarily for a military road.
Lewis Cass: advocate of "popular sovereignty" and nominee in election of 1848
Oregon Fever: sentiment of Mississippi Valley in 1842/43 with mass exodus of regular families.
"Fifty-four Forty or Fight!": principle perpetuated by Polk, that US boundaries should extend northward, into Canada, up to modern-day Alaska's southern border.
Oregon Trail: path by which Missouri was connected to new Oregon Territory; traversed by pioneers west.
Mormon migration: patriarchical society persecuted in East, NY, Ohio, Missouri, and Illionis where they were outed because of Joseph Smith, their founder and leader's, sanction of polygamy. Were then led to Salt Lake basin by new leader, Brigham Young.
Joseph Smith: leader, founder and supposed prophet of the Mormon faith. Sanctioned polygamy.
Brigham Young: led Mormon exodus to Salt Lake Basin, kept up polygamy, faced federal wrath.
Great American Desert: used by pioneers to describe the high plains west of the Rocky mountains.
Conscience Whigs: whigs who opposed slavery. Significant-- couldn't morally support Zach Taylor in 1848 election
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna: Mexican General during Texas deal, captured and dishonored at Battle of the Alamo
Sam Houston: elected first president of the newly independent Texas in 1836.
Winfield Scott: appointed by Polk as General of US forces in Mexican War following Taylor, for the third phase of the war, campaign to attack Mexico city, this angered Taylor. Eventually Scott won the war by capturing port of Vera Cruz in February 1847.
Rio Grande: river that would eventually become the state division between New Mexico and Texas. Means Big River...
Battle of Buena Vista: the decisive victory for US forces under Scott in the Mexican port city in 1847.
John C. Fremont: first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States and first presidential candidate from a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: 1847 peace treaty ending the Mexican-American war, US got California, New Mexico, Texas to the Rio Grande, in exchange for $15 million.
Anthony Burns: arrested and tried, under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 touched off riots and protests by abolitionists and citizens of Boston in the spring of 1854, found guilty.
Free Soil Party: comprised of mostly northern Abolitionists, existed only during 1848 and 1852 presidential elections, to be largely absorbed by the Republican party.
Wilmot Proviso: proposed by David Wilmot, a pennsylvania democrat, an ammendment to the 1850 compromise, to outlaw slavery in any new state acquired from the former Mexican territory. House passed it, senate rejected. The voting was along sectional lines, proving a two-party system couldn't deal with slavery.
Compromise of 1850: series of bills balanced the interests of the slave states of the South and the free states to the north. California was admitted as a free state; Texas got money for giving land up to Rio Grande; the Territory of New Mexico (including present-day Arizona and a portion of southern Nevada) was organized without any specific prohibition of slavery; no slave trade in DC; all US citizens were supposed to help with escaped slaves.
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850: all Americans were supposed to help with escaped slaves.
Daniel Webster: negotiated the Webster-Ashburton Treaty that established the definitive eastern border between the United States and Canada, into keeping the union whole, and was super eloquent.
Stephen A. Douglas: Illinois Republican vied against Lincoln for 1860 Republican Presidential nomination.
Popular Sovereignty: idea that individual voting populations in territories should determine fate of slavery in their own particular regions. Supported by Lewis Cass, a candidate in the 1848 election.
Uncle Tom's Cabin: book written about the strife of slavery, and its ripping apart families. Serialized in 1852. Responded to with pro-slavery novels, none were ever as popular.
Harriet Beecher Stowe: Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, daughter of clergyman.
Personal Liberty Laws: series of laws passed by several U.S. states in the North in response to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.
Ostend Manifesto: secret document written in 1854 by U.S. diplomats at Ostend, Belgium, describing a plan to acquire Cuba from Spain, aka filibustering of Cuba.
Filibustering: sentiment of many southerners in 1850s to acquire Central American countries for purposes of instating slavery, and thus using as political pons.
William Walker: the grey eyed man of destiny, went to Nicaragua a bunch of times, and got kicked out a bunch of times, and was eventually caught and executed.
Prigg v. Pennsylvania: determined Fugitive Slave Law was to be solely enforced by the US government.
James K. Polk: notable foreign policy success, split NW with Britain at 49th parallel, led Mexican American War.
Zachary Taylor: defeated the Democratic nominee, Lewis Cass in 1848 election, urged expansion, passed Compromise of 1850.
...Read more
Liberty Party: 1840s early abolitionists, mostly northern Whigs, andidate John P. Hale supported Wilmot Proviso concept, later smooshed into Free Soil Party.
Manifest Destiny: belief that US should take over entirety of North American territory from Atlantic to Pacific.
Santa Fe Trail: transportation route through southwestern North America connecting Missouri with Santa Fe, New Mexico. Used primarily for a military road.
Lewis Cass: advocate of "popular sovereignty" and nominee in election of 1848
Oregon Fever: sentiment of Mississippi Valley in 1842/43 with mass exodus of regular families.
"Fifty-four Forty or Fight!": principle perpetuated by Polk, that US boundaries should extend northward, into Canada, up to modern-day Alaska's southern border.
Oregon Trail: path by which Missouri was connected to new Oregon Territory; traversed by pioneers west.
Mormon migration: patriarchical society persecuted in East, NY, Ohio, Missouri, and Illionis where they were outed because of Joseph Smith, their founder and leader's, sanction of polygamy. Were then led to Salt Lake basin by new leader, Brigham Young.
Joseph Smith: leader, founder and supposed prophet of the Mormon faith. Sanctioned polygamy.
Brigham Young: led Mormon exodus to Salt Lake Basin, kept up polygamy, faced federal wrath.
Great American Desert: used by pioneers to describe the high plains west of the Rocky mountains.
Conscience Whigs: whigs who opposed slavery. Significant-- couldn't morally support Zach Taylor in 1848 election
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna: Mexican General during Texas deal, captured and dishonored at Battle of the Alamo
Sam Houston: elected first president of the newly independent Texas in 1836.
Winfield Scott: appointed by Polk as General of US forces in Mexican War following Taylor, for the third phase of the war, campaign to attack Mexico city, this angered Taylor. Eventually Scott won the war by capturing port of Vera Cruz in February 1847.
Rio Grande: river that would eventually become the state division between New Mexico and Texas. Means Big River...
Battle of Buena Vista: the decisive victory for US forces under Scott in the Mexican port city in 1847.
John C. Fremont: first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States and first presidential candidate from a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: 1847 peace treaty ending the Mexican-American war, US got California, New Mexico, Texas to the Rio Grande, in exchange for $15 million.
Anthony Burns: arrested and tried, under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 touched off riots and protests by abolitionists and citizens of Boston in the spring of 1854, found guilty.
Free Soil Party: comprised of mostly northern Abolitionists, existed only during 1848 and 1852 presidential elections, to be largely absorbed by the Republican party.
Wilmot Proviso: proposed by David Wilmot, a pennsylvania democrat, an ammendment to the 1850 compromise, to outlaw slavery in any new state acquired from the former Mexican territory. House passed it, senate rejected. The voting was along sectional lines, proving a two-party system couldn't deal with slavery.
Compromise of 1850: series of bills balanced the interests of the slave states of the South and the free states to the north. California was admitted as a free state; Texas got money for giving land up to Rio Grande; the Territory of New Mexico (including present-day Arizona and a portion of southern Nevada) was organized without any specific prohibition of slavery; no slave trade in DC; all US citizens were supposed to help with escaped slaves.
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850: all Americans were supposed to help with escaped slaves.
Daniel Webster: negotiated the Webster-Ashburton Treaty that established the definitive eastern border between the United States and Canada, into keeping the union whole, and was super eloquent.
Stephen A. Douglas: Illinois Republican vied against Lincoln for 1860 Republican Presidential nomination.
Popular Sovereignty: idea that individual voting populations in territories should determine fate of slavery in their own particular regions. Supported by Lewis Cass, a candidate in the 1848 election.
Uncle Tom's Cabin: book written about the strife of slavery, and its ripping apart families. Serialized in 1852. Responded to with pro-slavery novels, none were ever as popular.
Harriet Beecher Stowe: Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, daughter of clergyman.
Personal Liberty Laws: series of laws passed by several U.S. states in the North in response to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.
Ostend Manifesto: secret document written in 1854 by U.S. diplomats at Ostend, Belgium, describing a plan to acquire Cuba from Spain, aka filibustering of Cuba.
Filibustering: sentiment of many southerners in 1850s to acquire Central American countries for purposes of instating slavery, and thus using as political pons.
William Walker: the grey eyed man of destiny, went to Nicaragua a bunch of times, and got kicked out a bunch of times, and was eventually caught and executed.
Prigg v. Pennsylvania: determined Fugitive Slave Law was to be solely enforced by the US government.
James K. Polk: notable foreign policy success, split NW with Britain at 49th parallel, led Mexican American War.
Zachary Taylor: defeated the Democratic nominee, Lewis Cass in 1848 election, urged expansion, passed Compromise of 1850.
...Read more
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