Terms & Names: Chapter 24

Warren G. Harding: President after Wilson,
Farmer-Labor Parties: combinatin of the two groups being that they had relatively common interests
“consumer durables:” those must-have items advertised heavily by capitalist big companies
“perishables:” fruits and vegetables made more available because of refrigeration and transportation
Robert LaFollette: supporter of progressivism, didn’t like WWI, League of nations, railroad trusts
Middletown: series of studies in late twenties on affects of economy on normanl Americans
Doris Fleishmann: successful capitalist woman, able to pursue success because of sexual liberation
Flappers: because of the sexual liberation experienced during the 20s, women dressed more scantily, and behaved much more like men, even taking on more masculine aesthetics
Welfare Capitalism: extremely wealthy capitalists would support the lower classes ie Rockefeller, Carnegie
Ohio Gang: a band of politicians and industry leaders associated with Harding
Yellow Dog Contracts: agreement by laboureres not to participate in unions
Albert Fall: involved with teapot dome scandal
Teapot Dome Scandall: bribary scandal in which Fall bought a section of land and sold it for a bunch of money or something
Calvin Coolidge: president during prosperous twenties
Herbert Hoover: US president, extremely experienced in world scene, lots of prior work with govnt and such
Assosiationalism: idea of joining together to maintain freedom
Railway Labor Act: idea was to replace strikes with mediation, and talks
Washington Conference on Limitaiton of Armaments: Wilson’s attempt following WWI to get everybody to disarm, epic fail sale
John Dewey: recognized as one of the international founders of pragmatism
Dawes Plan: attempt to collect war reparations debt from Germany
Charles Evans Hughes: chief justice under Hoover, outspoken
McNary-Haugen Bill: intended to support US farmers by limiting sales of US agriculture in US, storing or exporting it ?
Kellogg-Briand Pact: agreement between france and US that the two countries would not go to war against eachother
Al Capone: Italian gangster in new york, profited off gang crime and underworld
Ku Klux Klan: racial superioritists who went about tyring to lynch people and wearing white hoods and such-not
Fundamentalism: idea that the bible had to be interpreted megau uber literally
Johnson Reid Act: 1924 immigration act limiting the amounts of certain nationalities which could enter the US
Birth of a Nation: silent film touting racism and supporting KKK and racial superiority thoughts
Liberal Protestants: those who believed in a looser interpretation of the Bible
William Jennings-Bryan: Wilson’s secretary of state, pro-British
Scopes Trial: trial attempting to find the legality of teaching Darwinian evolution in schools
H.L. Mencken: One of the trial laywers during the Scopes case
Clarence Darrow: one of the trial lawyers during the Scopes case
Laissez Faire: economics free from government intervention, based on the idea that competition was good for the marked, essentially capitalism
Harlem Renaissance: revival of Black culture based on Jazz renaissance, largely reliant on white patrons
Al Smith: black American Jazz musician
Louis Armstrong: black famous Jazz musician, part of the lost generation
New Negro: educated, interested in creating own nation, as opposed to being deferential and what not
Jazz: African spiritual/ roots music mixed with European classical music
Duke Ellington: black American jazz musician
Langston Hughes: black American poet
Sinclair Lewis: black American fiction author
Corridos: Mexican ballad of romance
The Great Gatsby (F. Scott Fitzgerald): member of lost generation, about a man’s demise because of his desire to fit in with the mega consumer society of the 20s
Ernest Hemingway: author, member of lost generation
William Faulkner: author, member of lost generation
The Agrarians: those who advocated for the farmers in the 20s
Walter Lippman: award-winning writer, journalist, and political commentator. ...Read more

Terms & Names: Chapter 23

Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, Russia (eventually US)
Theodore Roosevelt: convinced US should join Entente to check German power and expansionism.
Woodrow Wilson: US President during WWI, at first encouraged American neutrality.
Edward M. House: Wilson’s closest foreign policy advisor, extremely pro-British, probably contributed to US sympathy with Anglo side of the war, and therefore eventual military involvement.
Sussex Pledge: following the U-boat attack on the French passenger liner, Sussex, Wilson demanded that Germany spare civilians from attack. Germany relented, but warned it might resume unrestricted submarine warfare.
Lusitania: a British passenger liner, secretly carrying munitions to Britain from America, and also carrying US civilians who had been warned that German submarines would probably attack, one step in US involvement in WWI
League of Nations: kinda like the UN, envisioned a peaceful “parliament of the world,” Wilson’s dying dream in life
"Trench Warfare:" method of defensive fighting employed on the Western front
William Jennings Bryan: Wilson’s secretary of state, pro British
Alexander Kerensky: man who led the democratic overthrow of the Tsar and monarchical rule in Russia in 1917
Eugen V. Debs: Socialist leader who opposed WWI, imprisoned for opposition
"He kept us out of war:" motto used by supporters of Wilson during re-election bid in 1916
"Peace without victory:" the idea that not declaring a victor, and not blaming the supposed “loser” would better keep the peace, advocated by Wilson, displayed to have been successful through the peace following the Napoleonic Wars
Zimmerman Telegram: note from German foreign minister to Mexico, directing Mexico to declare war on US in the event of a war between Germany and US; Germany promised to reclaim for Mexico the territories lost to the US.
Vladimir Lenin: man who led communist, “Bolshevik” revolution in Russia, thus extracting Russia from WWI conflict, and lessening pressure on Germany
Georges Clemenceau: French leader during WWI, extremely distrustful/resentful of Germany, part of the Big Three
John P. Pershing: “black jack,” commanded several black regimenty things during the Spanish-American War, but despite this, when he was in charge of figuring out WWI troops, he opted for segregation, to minimize fighting within troops
Fourteen Points: Wilson’s plan for establishing order following the end of WWI, had three components—self determination, international code of conduct, and the League of Nations.
War Industries Board: government section in charge of dealing with industry during the war, with unions and also mobilizing for total war.
Flu Epidemic of 1919: 500,000 Americans died, only exposure of America to real status war disease and horribleness.
Herbert Hoover: foreign minister in charge of distributing food stuffs to Europe and American troops, later appointed to head the American food administration

Bernard Baruch: economic advisor to Wilson
Samuel Gompers: head of the American Federation of Labor
National War Labor Board: created by Wilson, Taft is head, intended to arbitrate disputes between labor unions and employers
IQ Test: intelligence quotient, used to “test” the intelligence of American soldiers, to determine inferiority of black soldiers, determined most American soldiers were “morons.”
Selective Service Act of 1917: authorized Wilson to raise his five million man army
Sergeant Alvin C. York: American soldier, did something heroic during WWI
Liberty Bonds: main source of war income, touted as patriotic, and beneficial to the war effort
Espionage, Sabotage, and Sedition Acts: an effort to curb immigration, stemmed from peoples’ fear of foreigners, and identification with their home nation
Committee on Public Information: spied on people and stuff, supposedly to help the war, often they were union members, or communists
Immigration Restriction Act of 1917: like a grandfather act for immigration, restricted immigration to a proportion of that in 1890, and therefore English and western Europeans were disproportionately represented.
Paris Peace Conference: at end of WWI, held to determine peace agreements, of not Germany was not allowed a participatory delegate, and Japan didn’t get what they wanted.
Eighteenth Amendment: allowed for later passing the Volstead Act, which prohibited the sale, importation, or production of alcohol.
Irreconcilables: those in Congress who refused to accept the Wilson law for the League of Nations, because of Amendment X
Treaty of Versailles: peace agreement following end of WWI, agreed at Paris Peace Conference, by Big Three
Edith Bolling Wilson: Wife to Wilson, many thought she ran the presidency after he suffered a stroke.
Henry Cabot Lodge: main opposiotion leader to the Wilson League of Nations Idea
Great Steel Strike: 1919 failed strike by steel workers, signaled weakened state of labor unions
Red scare: the wave of fear regarding communists following the end of the War
Mitchell Palmer: Wilson’s attorney general, carried out random searches/surveillances because of nations’ fear of foreigners
Calvin Coolidge: small government conservative
W.E.B. Du Bois: leader of the NAACP, supported Black American endeavors to achieve equality through betterment of selves and force.
Sacco and Vanzetti: Italians who were wrongfully accused of murder because of racial fear, and then were committed to death. ...Read more

Graphic Organizer: Reform Periods - Progressivism

Extension of Democracy:

Goals:

• Direct election of senators
• Equalize voting 
• Primary elections 
• Election reform 

Accomplishments:

• 17th Amendment- direct election of senators
• 19th Amendment- no voter discrimnation based on sex (women could vote!)
• Primary elections in 16 states 
• Australian ballot

Key People:

• Robert La Follette 
• George W. Norris 
• Populist Party 
• Susan B. Anthony and other feminists 

Honesty and Efficiency in Government 

Goals:

• Minimize involvement of big political bosses 
• Put in place processes by which voters could check corruption 

Accomplishments:

• Initiative: voters are allowed to petition to vote for their own proposed law.
• Referendum: direct vote in which all voters are asked to vote for or against a proposed law or initiative. 
• Recall: procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office. 
• Muckrackers exposed corruption and dishonesty. 
• City commissioner and city manager ideas. 

Key People: 

• Hiram Johnson: California Govenor

Regulation of the Economy- Business 
Goals

• More power to unions 
• Increase Interstate Commerce Commission's power
• Break up corporation's funky monopolization stuff

Accomplishments

• Trust-busting
• Unions enabled
• Increased ICC power

Key People

• Grover Cleaveland

Regulation of the Economy- Transportation/Communication 
Goals

• Regulation of telephones
• Eliminate discrimination by shippers
• Regulate railroad price fixing
• Regulate carriers 

Accomplishments

• Increased ICC powers 

Key People

• Charles Russel 
• Western Farmers 
• Roosevelt 

Social Issues
Goals

• Prohibition
• Support of poor and immigrants
• Make food industry less gross

Accomplishments

• 18th Amendment
• Settlement houses
• The Jungle- exposure of horrid meat packing industry (be a vegetarian, it'll stop global warming)
• Food regulation act

Key People

• Women
• Jane Adams
• Ellen Gates
• Upton Sinclair

Conservation
Goals

• Saving the beauty/nature of US

Accomplishments

• Creating dozens of national parks 
• Creating conservation areas to save the world 

Key People

•  Robert Johnson- Sierra Club
  
• President Theodore Roosevelt

REMEMBER

For the test Wednesday (Green Day), or Thursday (Silver Day), you will be asked to turn in the following: 

• Terms & Names: Chapter 21
• Terms & Names: Chapter 22
• Chapter 21 Questions
• Chapter 22 Questions
• Graphic Organizer: "Reform Periods - Progressivism" 

Good luck to all! 

Go, fight, win, you're going down, Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson!

(It sorta rhymed...) 

Terms & Names: Chapter 22

Queen Liliuokalani: (1891) plantation owners succeeded in deposing the Hawaiian king and put Queen L into power. She strove to establish independence from American interests. The planters, withe help from US sailors, got pissed and overthrew her.

Frederick Jackson Turner: essay, The Significance of the Frontier in American History, said the frontier had been essential to the growth of the economy and to the cultivation of democracy. 

Alfred Thayer Mahan: author The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 (1890). Argued all the world's great empires, starting with Rome, relied on their control of seas. Called for construction of ultra, mega, super power US Navy. 


Social Darwinists: those such as Herbert Spencer who applied the findings of Charles Darwin, (misconstrued, I'll have you know!) coined "survival of the fittest," and applied it to social survival. Contributing factor to "gospel of wealth" ideas of philanthropists such as Carnegie. 

Theodore Roosevelt: "geopolitician" contributed to US foreign policy under McKinley, shrewd analyst of international relations, understood the US couldn't rule totally, sought balance of power among industrialized nations. Wasn't concerned for less powerful nations, thought whites superior. 

Jingoists: nationalists who thought that a swaggering foreign policy and a willingness to go to war would enhance their nation's glory. 

Dupuy de Lome: Spanish minister to Washington, author of the stolen letter which was published in the New York Journal, in which he insulted McKinley, which was one of the final straws in the Spanish-American War. 

William McKinley: Republican, super into high tariffs on imports as fuel for government finances, his term was prosperous after the 1893 depression, second term marked by foreign policy, resisted calls for war with Spain at first, annexed Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam, Hawaii, and a protectorate over Cuba. Assassinated by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist.

General Valeriano Weyler: aka "the Butcher," leader of the Spanish army, forced Cubans into concentration camps, approximately 200,000 Cubans died as a result of disease and starvation at his hands.

Wiliam Randolph Hearst: owner of New York Journal, transformed newspaper publishing by printing sensational and shocking stories described in lurid detail. Accused of yellow journalism.

Josheph Pulitzer: owner of New York World, transformed newspaper publishing by printing sensational and shocking stories described in lurid detail. Accused of yellow journalism. 

yellow journalism: the practice of embellishing stories with titillating details when the true reports did not seem dramatic enough. 

the Maine: US battleship exploded in Havana harbor to protect US citizens and their property, "purportedly" attacked by the spanish but which most likely had a malfunctioning boiler, motivating factor in US going to war with Spain.

Teller Amendment: declaration that the US would not use the Spanish-American War as an opportunity to acquire territory in Cuba. 

George Dewey: commanded US fleet in Manila harbor in the Philippines during the war's first major battle, in which US forces destroyed an entire Spanish fleet and lost only one sailor (to heat stroke.)

Rough Riders: a colunteer cavalry unit composed of Ivy League gentlemen, western cowboys, sheriffs, prospectors, Indians, and small numbers of Hispanics and ethnic Europeans, led by Theodore Roosevelt and Colonel Leonard Wood. 

Kettle Hill: battle in which Rough Riders charged into Spanish defenses, after hillside was cleared by other troops, namely Black American cavalries. US won, BTW. 

San Juan Hill: next to Kettle Hill, the US captured Spanish forces on top, notably Black Americans helped to secure the hill. 

Treaty of Paris: (December 10, 1898) American diplomats demanded Spain cede the Philippines to US, for $20 million. 

Emilio Aguinaldo: leader of the anti-colonial movement in the Philippines, nearly negotiated deal with US which would have given the Philippines independence in exchange for a US naval base at Manila. 

William Jennings Bryan:  Democratic nominee president in 1896, 1900 and 1908, Secretary of State under Wilson, leader of the free silver movement in 1890s, peace and prohibition advocate, "The Great Commoner," he fought for the every-man's right, invented the idea of going all over the nation to campaign for president,

William Howard Taft: aka "Dollar Diplomat," didn't really understand the balance of power concept, all his stuff was focused on expanding opportunities for corporate investment overseas.

General Leonard Wood: military Governor of Cuba and Governor General of the Philippines. ??? There could be more?

Platt Amendment: (1901) delineated three conditions for Cuban independence: no treaties with foreign powers, US had broad authority to intervene in Cuban political and economic affairs, Cuba would sell or lease land to U.S. for naval station. Dependence of Cuban sugar industry on U.S. markets forced acceptance

John Hay: McKinley's secretary of state, highly involved with diplomacy with South American negotiations.

Open Door Policy: McKinley's position of not taking control of Chinese lands, but having a diplomatic stance on how to impose American influence

Boxer Rebellion: a chinese organization, the "Boxers," sparked an uprising to rid China of all "foreign devils" and foreign influence. Hundreds of Europeans were killed, as were many Chinese men and women who had converted to christianity.

Hay-Herran Treaty: (1902) allowed U.S. access to six-mile-wide strip of land across Panama on which to build canal

Panama Canal/ Canal Zone: segment of Colombian territory obtained by a French company to build a Atlantic-Pacific canal, but they epic failed it, so the US entered into negotiations to buy it, but there was a wrench in the works from the Colombian gov't who were pissed and wanted money. The French company went behind their backs to the US and negotiated a deal with them for $20 million, following the COlombian overthrow of Spain.

Roosevelt Corollary: (1904) slight change to the Monroe Doctrine, which had asserted the right of the US to keep European powers from meddling in hemispheric affairs. The corollary declared that the US possessed a further right: to intervene in the domestic affairs of nations in the Western Hemisphere to quell disorder and forestall European intervention.

Yellow Peril: rumored inferiorities slash dangers of Asians in americans, exacerbated by the hysterical stories in the press.

Philippe Buau-Varilla: a director of the French Company from which the US had bought the rights to the panama canal, declared himself Panama's diplomatic representitive, even though he was a french citizen operating out of a Wall St law firm, he and Hay signed treaty in 1903 grating the US 10-mile-wide canal zone in return for the package Colombia had rejected.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: allowed U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10 years.

Great White Fleet: US naval fleet, consisting of 16 battleships, ordered by Roosevelt to embark on a 45,000-mile world tour, including a splashy stop in Tokyo Bay which impressed upon the Japanese the might of the US navy.

"Dollar Diplomacy:" Taft's strategy for imposing US strength in the world, centered around increasing corporate power in foreign lands.

Woodrow Wilson: "struggling idealist," believed in self-determination by European powers, had a lot of involvement with South American diplomacy, tried to let Mexico do its own governing, but got fed up by their in-fighting and took over.

Francisco Madero: (1910) led forces to overthrow dictator Porfirio Diaz. Served as Mexico's president from 1910-1913 when he was overthrown by Victoriano Huerto.

Victoriano Huerta: overthrew president Madero in 1913, supported by Taft, US ambassador to Mexico helped with the coup, but Huerta's men murdered Madero, and then Wilson refused to support Huerta. Oh what tangled webs we weave!

Venustiano Carranza: enemy of Huerta, supported by Wilson, commanded rebel army, claimed to be democratic, took power after American invasion weakened Huerta's regime. Didn't behave as Wilson had anticipated, threatened US oil interests with suggested land reform. Promptly ousted with Wilson's help.

Pancho Villa: enemy of Huerta, supported by Wilson, commanded rebel army, claimed to be democratic, supported by Wilson after the epic fail with Carranza, but then Carranza's forces defeated Villa's and Villa got all pissed and went about massacring a bunch of US people for a while.

General John J. Pershing: controled an expeditionary force directed by Wilson to hunt down Pancho Villa's forces. Chased them for 300 miles, didn't catch them, US troops fought with Mexican troops, flirting with war. Pershing withdrew from Mexico in 1917. ...Read more

Chapter 21 Questions

1. Discuss the origins of Progressivism.  Make sure you note the contributions of the “muckraker,” the settlement house founders, and the Socialist Party of America.  What similarities do you see among the three?  What differences?

2. Define what is meant by Progressivism.  Provide examples of Progressive changes that occurred at the city, state, and federal levels.

3. Compare and contrast the Progressive presidencies of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson.  Which of the two do you view as a better example of the Progressive movement?   Support your position with evidence?

4. Discuss the ways in which the Progressive era improved the lives of American women.  Cite federal laws, national movements, and individual achievements where appropriate.  Evaluate the degree to which Progressive reforms actually changed the lives of women overall.

I made them in rainbow colors for extra FUN!

Terms & Names: Chapter 21

Jane Adams: established nation's first settlement house, in Chicago, in 1889.

Hull House: nations first "settlement house," intended to help immigrant urban poor cope with city life.

Billy Sunday: former major league baseball player who became the most theatrical evangelical preacher of his day, elevated opposition to saloons and "liquor trust."

Walter Rauschenbusch: led Social Gospel movement- emphasized duty of christian duty to work for the social good.

Eugene V. Debs: 1912 Socialist Party presidential candidate. Attracted 6% of vote.

Socialist Party of America: founded in 1901, peaked in popularity in 1912, stood for the transfer of control over industry from a few industrialists to the laboring masses.

"Muckrackers:" investigative journalists who exposed government and other corruption, encouraged by increase in newspaper and magazine circulation as well as public interest in "realism."

The Jungle: about corruption and grossness of the industrialized meat-packing industry in Chicago. 

Upton Sinclair: socialist journalist slash author of The Jungle. 

Ida B. Wells: black activist who criticized Booker T. Washington's message, that blacks should accept segregation and disenfranchisement as unavoidable and focus their energies instead on self-help and self-improvement.

City Manager: meant to overcome problems in the city commission plan, commission continued to set policy, but policy implementation now rested with a "chief executive." This official, who was appointed by the commissioners, would curtail rivalries and deter outside influence.

City Comission: shifted municipal power from the city mayor and his aldermen to five city commissioners, each responsible for a different department of city government.

Seventeenth Ammendment: direct election of senators. Basically. 

Primary: system designed to undermine power of party bosses, enabled voters to choose candidates

Sherman Anti-Trust Act: finally used by Roosevelt in 1902 to prosecute the Northern Securities Company, a $400 million monopoly that controlled all railroad lines from Chicago to Washington State.

Pure Food and Drug Act: passed in 1906, protected the public from fraudulently marketed and dangerous foods and medications.

1908 Springfield Riot: a mob of whites attacked black businesses and individuals; a force of 5,000 state militia was required to restore order. Two black men were lynched,

J.P. Morgan: banker who brokered Northern Securities Company, shocked by Roosevelt's attack of it

William Howard Taft: thought by Roosevelt the ideal successor, not as good as would have hoped, advocated increased US corporate influence abroad, presidency marked by "trust-busting," and increasing the Interstate Commerce Committee's enforcement ability. 

"New Nationalism": newly fortified federal government under Roosevelt, ambitious reform program that called for the federal government to stabilize the economy, protect the weak and restore social harmony.

"Bull Moose" Party: Roosevelt and followers who left the Republican party for the new Progressive Party, nominated Roosevelt for president and advocated reform by way of sweeping regulation of corporations, extensive protections for workers, sharply graduated income tax, and women suffrage.

Woodrow Wilson: New Jersey lawyer, teacher, New Jersey governor, "anti-Bryan" democrat, fairly progressive, won 1912 presidential election, wanted to break up trusts

"New Freedom:" Wilson's campaign philosophy of temporary concentration of governmental power in order to dismantle the trusts, but then the government would relinquish its powers

Louis Brandeis; Wilson's nominee for Supreme Court, respected progressive, first Jew nominated to serve

Congressional Government: I HAVE NO IDEA!?!?!?!?!?!?!?

Underwood-Simmons Tariff: 1913, reduced tariff barriers from 40 to 25%

Federal Reserve Act: 1913, strengthened nation's financial structure, established 12 regional banks, each controlled by the private banks in its region, required to deposit an average of 6% into the federal reserve bank.

Federal Trade Commission: intended to regulate business practices, had wide powers to collect information on corporate pricing policies and on cooperation and competition between businesses.

Federal Reserve Board: appointed by the president and responsible for the public, rather than privatte bankers would set policy and oversee activities within the 12 reserve banks.
...Read more