Terms & Names: Chapter 12

Sacajawea: woman who accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, wife of "guide" Toussaint Charbonneau

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark: men who guided the exploration of the Pacific Northwest, what land was attained in the Louisiana purchase

Sioux: involved in Dakota war of 1862, originally allied with French fur traders,

Second Bank of the United States: chartered in 1816 by Madison in attempt to save currency problem, failed, was dissolved by Jackson 1833

Panic of 1819: economic freak out resultant from the Bank of US refusing to take anything other than specie and the repercussions of that

Missouri Compromise: agreement passed in 1820 which settled the conflict over whether Missouri should be slave or free, it was slave and they added Maine, and the provision that slavery was abolished above the bottom of Missouri, or at the parallel 36°30' north

James Tallmadge: introduced, as an amendment to the bill authorizing the people of Missouri to form a state organization, a proposition to exclude slavery from that state when admitted to the Union.

Thomas Proviso: the compromise introduced by Tallmadge- If the north would admit Missouri as a slave state, the South would agree to outlaw slavery above a line extending from the southern border of Missouri to spanish territtory.

Era of good Feelings: period in United States political history in which partisan bitterness abated. The phrase was coined by Benjamin Russell, in the Boston newspaper, Columbian Centinel, on July 12, 1817, following the good-will visit to Boston of President James Monroe.

John Quincy Adams: democratic republican president elected in 1825 amid much controversy and the supposedly corrupt bargain

Adams-Onis Treaty: aka Transcontinental Treaty of 1819, settled a border dispute in North America between the United States and Spain, US got Florida

Monroe Doctrine: December 2, 1823, Monroe says Europe can't interfere in Western Hemisphere, that US wouldn't do anything to its south, unless if Europe comes in.

William Crawford: leading candidate for the Democratic-Republican presidential nomination in 1824, but a massive stroke in 1823 ended his chances.

"Corrupt Bargain": the 1824 election when Adams was elected despite Jackson's winning the popular vote.

Martin Van Buren: organizer of the Democratic Party, a dominant figure in the Second Party System, eighth president of US

Tariff of 1828: aka Tariff of Abominations to protect industry in the northern United States from having to compete with European goods by increasing the prices of European products because imported goods were much cheaper than the ones that were made in the U.S. North was happy because they bought, south was not because they sold.

John C Calhoun: South Carolinian advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification, wrote laws for S.C. to be first state with universal white male suffrage, favored War of 1812, corrupt bargain forced him to reverse from nationalism to states' rights.

Nullification: the idea that states should individually be able to determine whether to accept federal laws

Force Bill: 1833 authorized U.S. President Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to enforce tariffs, intended to suppress South Carolina's nullification of tariffs.

"Spoils System": basically nepotism but not family, where Jackson put only close friends and political supporters into his cabinet

Peggy Eaton: central role in the Petticoat Affair that disrupted the cabinet of Andrew Jackson, in which wifes of Cabinet were mad at her sudden status up and refused to party with her, Jackson had to redo his whole cabinet b/c

Bank Veto Message: 1832 Jackson refuses to renew the Charter of the Second Bank of US which screws up his presidency by a long run and also makes everything weewa

Nicholas Biddle: president of Second Bank of US

Specie Circular: aka Coinage Act, was an executive order issued by U.S. President Andrew Jackson in 1836 and carried out by President Martin Van Buren, required payment for government land to be in gold and silver currency.

Pet Banks: the banks of states Jackson favored and subsiquently distributed the 1833 surplus to.

American System: economic plan consisting of a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building, and a national bank to encourage productive enterprise and form a national currency.

Whigs: 33-56 supported the supremacy of Congress over the Executive Branch and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism.

Gag Rule: limit/forbiddance of raising, consideration or discussion of a particular topic by members of a legislative body ie anti-slavery petitions by Congress occurred from 1835 to 1844

Nat Turner: slave who started the largest slave rebellion in the antebellum southern United States, in Southampton County, Virginia. His methodical slaughter of white civilians during the uprising makes his legacy controversial.

Denmark Vesey Conspiracy: slave purchased his freedom, planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in the United States. Word of the plans was leaked, and Charleston, South Carolina authorities arrested the plot's leaders before the uprising could begin. Vesey and others were tried, convicted and executed.

(Five) Civilized Tribes:Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, considered civilized by white settlers during that time period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors.

Worcester v. Georgia: United States Supreme Court held that Cherokee Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty.

Indian Removal Act of 1830: supported in the South, where states were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by the "Five Civilized Tribes". In particular, Georgia, the largest state at that time, was involved in a contentious jurisdictional dispute with the Cherokee nation. IE Trail of Tears

Trail of Tears: forced relocation of Native Americans from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United State in 1831.

Arkansas Territory: organized territory of the United States from July 4, 1819, until June 15, 1836, when the territory was admitted to the Union as the state Arkansas, the 25th U.S. state.

Panic of 1837: speculative fever. The bubble burst on May 10, 1837 in New York City, when every bank stopped payment in specie (gold and silver coinage).

Depression of 1837:The Panic was followed by a five-year depression, with the failure of banks and record high unemployment levels.

"Subtreasurey": system for the retaining of government funds in the United States Treasury and its subtreasuries, independently of the national banking and financial systems. In one form or another, it existed from 1846 to 1921.

Log Cabin Campaign: 1840 Presidential campaign of William Henry Harrison.

"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too": campaign song of the colorful Log Cabin Campaign in the 1840 United States presidential election. Its lyrics sung the praises of Whig candidates William Henry Harrison (the "hero of Tippecanoe") and John Tyler, while denigrating incumbent Democrat Martin Van Buren.

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