OH, and I just found this magnificent picture of Walt Whitman...
Wednesday, November 19, 2008
Terms & Names: Chapter 10
Middle class: mostly prevalent in the north, had strong evangelical base, were into sentimentality and domesticity, fine arts, nature and art, and scenic tourism. Arose from the market revolution.
Evangelicalism: belief in the need for personal conversion (or being "born again"), some expression of the gospel through evangelism, a high regard for Biblical authority, and an emphasis on the death and resurrection of Jesus to be key characteristics.
Charles Grandison Finney: a minister of the gospel who became an important figure in the Second Great Awakening, known for his innovations in preaching and religious meetings.
Sunday school: prior to 1820, was used to teach children about Christianity, after used as a form of preparation for conversion
Millennialism: not a big deal to poor, middle-class evangelicals were postmillennialists: believed that Christ’s coming would occur at the end of one thousand years of social perfection brought about by missionary conversion of the world, premillennialists believed that the end would come when God chose but looked for signs of the approaching millennium in thunderstorms, shooting stars, eclipses, economic panics, and depressions, William Miller predicted world would end during the year following March 1843
Ralph Waldo Emmerson:an American essayist, philosopher, poet, and leader of the Transcendentalist movement, part of the Nature/Art movement
Herman Melville: an American novelist, short story writer, essayist and poet. MOBY DICK! Significant because a part of the art/trivial things obsession that comes along with having a middle class.
Walt Whitman: an American poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist. He was a part of the transition between Transcendentalism and realism.
Nathaniel Hawthorne: American novelist and short story writer.
Sentimentality: improvements in printing, distributing, and marketing led to outpouring of popular literature, much of it by and for women,cookbooks, etiquette books, manuals on housekeeping, sermons, and sentimental novels,sentimental novels upheld middle-class domesticity, women assumed role of evangelical ministers, demonstrating Christian living by precept, example, and moral suasion, conflict between female moral influence and the male world of politics and the marketplace, most successful sentimental novel of 1850s was Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin: by Harriet Beecher Stowe, indicts slavery as a system of absolute power at odds with domesticity and Christian love, based solidly on revival Christianity, reverses the power relations of this world, home is ultimate locus of good, marketplace moved to periphery.
Harriet Beecher Stowe: author of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Come on, seriously?
Niagra Falls: a big waterfall. People went to visit it because they were idiots following the opening of the Erie Canal, epitomized the new scenic tourism.
Thomas Cole: founder of the Hudson River School, known for its realistic and detailed portrayal of American landscape and wilderness, which feature themes of romanticism and naturalism.
Southern Code of Honor: drew rigid distinctions between men and women and whites and blacks. Basically, YAY MEN! And you didn't have to be rich for us to like you, your lineage did though. Oh, and you had to be a man...
Seventh-Day Adventists: William Miller predicted world would end during the year following March 1843, prediction did not come true, and remaining followers formed Seventh-Day Adventist Church in the 1860s
Book of Mormon: "bible" of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, patriarchal faith based on restored theocratic government, male dominance ?, and democracy among fathers, unified thousands of families, including Smith’s own
Joseph Smith: Family financial hardship led to loss of homestead, religious visions led him to discover The Book of Mormon, founded Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1830, church ruled not by professional clergy but by elaborate hierarchy of adult males
Blood sports: Popular in urban working-class neighborhoods, included cock fighting, ratting, and dog fighting, grew in popularity during the 1850s and were often staged by saloonkeepers
Minstrel show: white actors in "blackface" portrayed blatantly racist story, which perpetuated racist bigotry, while still depicting afro-american culture that would otherwise go unnoticed by white Americans
Penny press: Working-class readers discovered a similarly untrustworthy world in cheap fiction, introduced readers to seduction, rape, transvestitism, child pornography, necrophilia, miscegenation, group sex, homosexuality, and women with criminal minds and insatiable sexual appetites (that is quoting from the chapter outline), many popular fictions were melodramatic contests between good and evil, evil described in terms reminiscent of original sin
Denmark Vesey: After purchasing his freedom, he planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in the United States. Word of the plans was leaked, and Charleston, South Carolina authorities arrested the plot's leaders before the uprising could begin. Vesey and others were tried, convicted and executed.
Quaker City: A novel written by George Lippand that was a fictional account of the hypocrisy, lust, and cruelty of the outwardly genteel Christian elite of Philadelphia.
Nat Turner: Baptist lay preacher who believed he was an instrument of God, revolt began in Southampton County, Virginia in Feb 1831, bloody and hopeless revolt that ended in mass murder, failure, and the execution of Turner and his followers
Camp meeting: Majority of southerners were Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, or Disciples of Christ, camp meeting during antebellum years usually limited to only one denomination, meetings were conducted with more decorum than in the past and served as social occasions, churches that grew out of southern revivals reinforced localistic neighborhoods and the patriarchal family
William Miller: predicted world would end during the year following March 1843, prediction did not come true, and remaining followers formed Seventh-Day Adventist Church in the 1860s
...Read more
Evangelicalism: belief in the need for personal conversion (or being "born again"), some expression of the gospel through evangelism, a high regard for Biblical authority, and an emphasis on the death and resurrection of Jesus to be key characteristics.
Charles Grandison Finney: a minister of the gospel who became an important figure in the Second Great Awakening, known for his innovations in preaching and religious meetings.
Sunday school: prior to 1820, was used to teach children about Christianity, after used as a form of preparation for conversion
Millennialism: not a big deal to poor, middle-class evangelicals were postmillennialists: believed that Christ’s coming would occur at the end of one thousand years of social perfection brought about by missionary conversion of the world, premillennialists believed that the end would come when God chose but looked for signs of the approaching millennium in thunderstorms, shooting stars, eclipses, economic panics, and depressions, William Miller predicted world would end during the year following March 1843
Ralph Waldo Emmerson:an American essayist, philosopher, poet, and leader of the Transcendentalist movement, part of the Nature/Art movement
Herman Melville: an American novelist, short story writer, essayist and poet. MOBY DICK! Significant because a part of the art/trivial things obsession that comes along with having a middle class.
Walt Whitman: an American poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist. He was a part of the transition between Transcendentalism and realism.
Nathaniel Hawthorne: American novelist and short story writer.
Sentimentality: improvements in printing, distributing, and marketing led to outpouring of popular literature, much of it by and for women,cookbooks, etiquette books, manuals on housekeeping, sermons, and sentimental novels,sentimental novels upheld middle-class domesticity, women assumed role of evangelical ministers, demonstrating Christian living by precept, example, and moral suasion, conflict between female moral influence and the male world of politics and the marketplace, most successful sentimental novel of 1850s was Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin: by Harriet Beecher Stowe, indicts slavery as a system of absolute power at odds with domesticity and Christian love, based solidly on revival Christianity, reverses the power relations of this world, home is ultimate locus of good, marketplace moved to periphery.
Harriet Beecher Stowe: author of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Come on, seriously?
Niagra Falls: a big waterfall. People went to visit it because they were idiots following the opening of the Erie Canal, epitomized the new scenic tourism.
Thomas Cole: founder of the Hudson River School, known for its realistic and detailed portrayal of American landscape and wilderness, which feature themes of romanticism and naturalism.
Southern Code of Honor: drew rigid distinctions between men and women and whites and blacks. Basically, YAY MEN! And you didn't have to be rich for us to like you, your lineage did though. Oh, and you had to be a man...
Seventh-Day Adventists: William Miller predicted world would end during the year following March 1843, prediction did not come true, and remaining followers formed Seventh-Day Adventist Church in the 1860s
Book of Mormon: "bible" of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, patriarchal faith based on restored theocratic government, male dominance ?, and democracy among fathers, unified thousands of families, including Smith’s own
Joseph Smith: Family financial hardship led to loss of homestead, religious visions led him to discover The Book of Mormon, founded Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1830, church ruled not by professional clergy but by elaborate hierarchy of adult males
Blood sports: Popular in urban working-class neighborhoods, included cock fighting, ratting, and dog fighting, grew in popularity during the 1850s and were often staged by saloonkeepers
Minstrel show: white actors in "blackface" portrayed blatantly racist story, which perpetuated racist bigotry, while still depicting afro-american culture that would otherwise go unnoticed by white Americans
Penny press: Working-class readers discovered a similarly untrustworthy world in cheap fiction, introduced readers to seduction, rape, transvestitism, child pornography, necrophilia, miscegenation, group sex, homosexuality, and women with criminal minds and insatiable sexual appetites (that is quoting from the chapter outline), many popular fictions were melodramatic contests between good and evil, evil described in terms reminiscent of original sin
Denmark Vesey: After purchasing his freedom, he planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in the United States. Word of the plans was leaked, and Charleston, South Carolina authorities arrested the plot's leaders before the uprising could begin. Vesey and others were tried, convicted and executed.
Quaker City: A novel written by George Lippand that was a fictional account of the hypocrisy, lust, and cruelty of the outwardly genteel Christian elite of Philadelphia.
Nat Turner: Baptist lay preacher who believed he was an instrument of God, revolt began in Southampton County, Virginia in Feb 1831, bloody and hopeless revolt that ended in mass murder, failure, and the execution of Turner and his followers
Camp meeting: Majority of southerners were Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, or Disciples of Christ, camp meeting during antebellum years usually limited to only one denomination, meetings were conducted with more decorum than in the past and served as social occasions, churches that grew out of southern revivals reinforced localistic neighborhoods and the patriarchal family
William Miller: predicted world would end during the year following March 1843, prediction did not come true, and remaining followers formed Seventh-Day Adventist Church in the 1860s
Thursday, November 6, 2008
Terms & Names: Chapter 9
Second Bank of the United States: Henry Clay led drive for neo-Federalist program in Congress, called for protective tariffs, internal improvements, and a national bank, would foster economic growth and link sections of country together, congress chartered Bank of the United States in 1816, hold government deposits, gov’t would accept Bank notes for gov’t land, taxes, and other transactions, gov’t would buy one-fifth of Bank’s stock, approved due to fiscal horrors created by War of 1812, no discussion of whether Bank was constitutional
American System: um... there's both the bank and tariff system
John C Calhoun: advocated slavery, states' rights to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional, advocated war with Britain in 1812.
Internal Improvements:
Dartmouth College v. Woodward: (1816) New Hampshire wanted to make Dart\mouth a state school, but their charter was private issued by the British King, and the Supreme court decided you couldn't change the charter. Protected charters against state interference.
McCulloch v. Maryland: (1816) McCulloch was a clerk at a Maryland federal bank, and the state tried to tax the bank. Resulted in denial of states' rights to tax the federal government.
Gibbons v. Ogden: (1824) State of New York attempted to grant monopoly to a steam boat company on the transport from New York to New Jersey. Decision: prohibited state-run monopolies that interfered with interstate commerce.
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad: "common carrier" railroad which was located primarily in Maryland. Symbolized the modernization resultant from the Market Revolution.
Robert Fulton: inventor of the steamship, which had massive impact in perpetuating the market revolution, inspired the channel craze.
Natchez Trace: a 440 mile long path extending from Mississippi to Nashville, linking the Mississippi and Cumberland rivers. Traditional Native American trail, later used by Europeans as trade and transit route.
Cash-Crop Business: cultivat
American System: um... there's both the bank and tariff system
John C Calhoun: advocated slavery, states' rights to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional, advocated war with Britain in 1812.
Internal Improvements:
Dartmouth College v. Woodward: (1816) New Hampshire wanted to make Dart\mouth a state school, but their charter was private issued by the British King, and the Supreme court decided you couldn't change the charter. Protected charters against state interference.
McCulloch v. Maryland: (1816) McCulloch was a clerk at a Maryland federal bank, and the state tried to tax the bank. Resulted in denial of states' rights to tax the federal government.
Gibbons v. Ogden: (1824) State of New York attempted to grant monopoly to a steam boat company on the transport from New York to New Jersey. Decision: prohibited state-run monopolies that interfered with interstate commerce.
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad: "common carrier" railroad which was located primarily in Maryland. Symbolized the modernization resultant from the Market Revolution.
Robert Fulton: inventor of the steamship, which had massive impact in perpetuating the market revolution, inspired the channel craze.
Natchez Trace: a 440 mile long path extending from Mississippi to Nashville, linking the Mississippi and Cumberland rivers. Traditional Native American trail, later used by Europeans as trade and transit route.
Cash-Crop Business: cultivat
ing only one crop and selling it as opposed to sustaining oneself with agriculture.
McCormick Reaper: cutting, tractor, multipurpose agriculture tool pulled by a horsie. Invented by Cyrus McCormick in 1831.
Richard Arkwright: (1769) inventor of the water frame, a textile spinner which was way more efficient than people doing it.
Frederick Law Olmsted: american landscape designer and father of American landscape architecture, famous for designing well-know urban parks, including Central Park.
Paternalism: exploitation of slave labor after 1820 became both more systematic and more humane, planters paid close attention to slave discipline, clothed discipline in a larger attempt to make North American slavery into a system that was both paternalistic and humane, sprang from both planter self-interest and a genuine attempt to exert a kindly, paternal control, slaves’ material standards rose, alone among the slave populations of the Western Hemisphere, births outnumbered deaths among North American slaves
Tariff of 1816: after war of 1812, british goods were cheaper than American, so people bought them, so Fed introduced a tax on import goods. The north liked it, they produced goods now competitive with British, the south hated it, they now more expensive consumed British goods.
National Road: point of contention under internal improvements, connected chesapeake with trans-Appalachian West.
Erie Canal: New York State funded canal linking Hudson river and Lake Erie, opened passage to Niagra Falls for tourism, commerce.
Lancaster Turnpike: first used in 1795, is the first long-distance, paved road built in the United States
DeWitt Clinton: early American politician who served as United States Senator and Governor of New York. In this last capacity he was largely responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal.
Main Line Canal: a railroad and canal system built by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the 19th century.
Peter Cartwright: a missionary who helped start the Second Great Awakening. He was a minister who preached benevolence.
Farmer's Almanac: ounded in Morristown, New Jersey, in 1818 by editor David Young and publisher Jacob Mann, weather predictions and astronomical data, as well as its trademark blend of humor, trivia, and advice on gardening, cooking, fishing, and human-interest crusades.
Boston Associates: a loosely linked group of investors including Nathan Appleton, Abbott Lawrence, and Amos Lawrence, often related directly or through marriage, they were based in Boston, Massachusetts, established banksand invested in others. Controlled 40% of banking capital in Boston, 40% of all insurance capital in Massachusetts, and 30% of Massachusetts' railroads. Tens of thousands of New Englanders received employment from these investors, working in any one of the hundreds of their mills.
Waltham System: Boston Associates in Massachusetts developed a different textile system, factories were heavily capitalized and as fully mechanized as possible, workers were young, single women from the farms of northern New England, desired to build a profitable textile industry without creating a permanent working class, women policed their own behavior and shunned fellow workers whose behavior was questionable, produced self-respecting sisterhood of independent, wage-earning women
Samuel Slater: brought British textile technology to America, built first water powered mill in america.
Metropolitan Industrialization: largest handicrafts came to be divided into skilled and unskilled segments, created a large urban working class, high rents and the lack of water power made it impossible to set up large factories in cities, some trades, like needlework and shoe making, became “sweated”, most of the work for mass consumption done by women who worked long hours for low piece rates, wage rates and gendered tasks reflected the old family division of labor, members of the middle class entertained notions of gentility based on the distinction between manual and nonmanual work
Yeomen and Planters: as the price of slaves and good land rose, fewer and fewer owners shared in the profits of the cotton economy, and wealth became more concentrated, dual economy emerged with plantations at the commercial center and a white yeomanry on the fringes, some small farmers were tied to the plantation economy and vested in its continuance, most small farmers, though, lived away from the plantations, built yeomen society that shared many of the characteristics of the eighteenth-century countryside
...Read more
Richard Arkwright: (1769) inventor of the water frame, a textile spinner which was way more efficient than people doing it.
Frederick Law Olmsted: american landscape designer and father of American landscape architecture, famous for designing well-know urban parks, including Central Park.
Paternalism: exploitation of slave labor after 1820 became both more systematic and more humane, planters paid close attention to slave discipline, clothed discipline in a larger attempt to make North American slavery into a system that was both paternalistic and humane, sprang from both planter self-interest and a genuine attempt to exert a kindly, paternal control, slaves’ material standards rose, alone among the slave populations of the Western Hemisphere, births outnumbered deaths among North American slaves
Tariff of 1816: after war of 1812, british goods were cheaper than American, so people bought them, so Fed introduced a tax on import goods. The north liked it, they produced goods now competitive with British, the south hated it, they now more expensive consumed British goods.
National Road: point of contention under internal improvements, connected chesapeake with trans-Appalachian West.
Erie Canal: New York State funded canal linking Hudson river and Lake Erie, opened passage to Niagra Falls for tourism, commerce.
Lancaster Turnpike: first used in 1795, is the first long-distance, paved road built in the United States
DeWitt Clinton: early American politician who served as United States Senator and Governor of New York. In this last capacity he was largely responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal.
Main Line Canal: a railroad and canal system built by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the 19th century.
Peter Cartwright: a missionary who helped start the Second Great Awakening. He was a minister who preached benevolence.
Farmer's Almanac: ounded in Morristown, New Jersey, in 1818 by editor David Young and publisher Jacob Mann, weather predictions and astronomical data, as well as its trademark blend of humor, trivia, and advice on gardening, cooking, fishing, and human-interest crusades.
Boston Associates: a loosely linked group of investors including Nathan Appleton, Abbott Lawrence, and Amos Lawrence, often related directly or through marriage, they were based in Boston, Massachusetts, established banksand invested in others. Controlled 40% of banking capital in Boston, 40% of all insurance capital in Massachusetts, and 30% of Massachusetts' railroads. Tens of thousands of New Englanders received employment from these investors, working in any one of the hundreds of their mills.
Waltham System: Boston Associates in Massachusetts developed a different textile system, factories were heavily capitalized and as fully mechanized as possible, workers were young, single women from the farms of northern New England, desired to build a profitable textile industry without creating a permanent working class, women policed their own behavior and shunned fellow workers whose behavior was questionable, produced self-respecting sisterhood of independent, wage-earning women
Samuel Slater: brought British textile technology to America, built first water powered mill in america.
Metropolitan Industrialization: largest handicrafts came to be divided into skilled and unskilled segments, created a large urban working class, high rents and the lack of water power made it impossible to set up large factories in cities, some trades, like needlework and shoe making, became “sweated”, most of the work for mass consumption done by women who worked long hours for low piece rates, wage rates and gendered tasks reflected the old family division of labor, members of the middle class entertained notions of gentility based on the distinction between manual and nonmanual work
Yeomen and Planters: as the price of slaves and good land rose, fewer and fewer owners shared in the profits of the cotton economy, and wealth became more concentrated, dual economy emerged with plantations at the commercial center and a white yeomanry on the fringes, some small farmers were tied to the plantation economy and vested in its continuance, most small farmers, though, lived away from the plantations, built yeomen society that shared many of the characteristics of the eighteenth-century countryside
Wednesday, November 5, 2008
DO NOT FORGET:
The CRITICAL REVIEW papers for the outside reading books are DUE sometime in early November.
- Pick a book from that list Tucker gave out.
- Read the spark notes.
- Write essay using these directions:
The critical review for your book shall be typed (double spaced) with 12 point type. Include the information specified below. Edit your drafts and keep a copy of your final effort. Final drafts should be 2 to 3 pages in length. Your paper should be 7 paragraphs in length after the bibliographic data. Use one paragraph for each of the following points.
1. Give the bibliographic data for your book using MLA format. Place it at the top of the first page.
2. Describe the book in general terms. What subjects does it cover? What years does it span?
3. Identify the major thesis. The major thesis would reflect the author's general point of view or belief.
4. Explain the author's main contentions and discuss them giving evidence (concrete details and analysis).
5. What were your chief objections and summarize any shortcomings. If you find errors, mention important ones.
6. Address the following:
a. How does the book change your conception of the topic?
b. What additional work needs to be done in order to clear up any doubtful points?
c. What gaps still need to be filled?
7. Give information about the author (background, experience, other books written).
8. End your critique by summarizing your opinion of the merits and faults of the book.
1. Give the bibliographic data for your book using MLA format. Place it at the top of the first page.
2. Describe the book in general terms. What subjects does it cover? What years does it span?
3. Identify the major thesis. The major thesis would reflect the author's general point of view or belief.
4. Explain the author's main contentions and discuss them giving evidence (concrete details and analysis).
5. What were your chief objections and summarize any shortcomings. If you find errors, mention important ones.
6. Address the following:
a. How does the book change your conception of the topic?
b. What additional work needs to be done in order to clear up any doubtful points?
c. What gaps still need to be filled?
7. Give information about the author (background, experience, other books written).
8. End your critique by summarizing your opinion of the merits and faults of the book.
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