Homestead Act: freehold title to 160 acres land outside 13 colonies. Required three steps: file an application, improve the land, and file for deed of title. Anyone who had never taken up arms against the U.S. Government, including freed slaves, could file an application and improvements to a local land office. Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862.
Cripple Creek: 1891, ore found, Colorado gold rush, violent strikes occurred at Cripple Creek due to savage capital-labor relations in 1894 & 1903
"Sodbuster": term used to describe settlers of the prairies and plains west of the Mississippi during the 1870s and 80s who built their homes out of sod broken with steel plows. Fenced with the newly invented (1874) barbed wire.
Abilene, Kansas: small village that quickly became a boomtown after the Texan longhorn cattle industry was brought there in 1867, the rails of the Kansas Pacific made it possible for herds to be driven to Abilene to be shipped to Kansas City or Chicago, resulted in the interlocking institutions of the cattle drive and Chicago stockyards.
"range wars": clashes between “grangers” (farmers), sheep ranchers, and rustlers. Johnson County War in Wyoming in 1892 is most notorious
"Great American Desert":
high plains and mountain valleys west of the Mississippi opened to white settlement in the 1850s with the Kansas and Nebraska territories, forcing Indian tribes onto reservations
Lakota Sioux: tricked census takers to procure more provisions from reservation authorities, filed past federal census counters more than once using false names.
Santee Sioux: delayed payments to tribes that had sold their land to government caused Sioux to become restive when late payment threatened starvation, robbery that caused the death of white settlers sparked a massacre of white Minnesotans. Army stopped uprising and 303 Indians were sentenced to death, Lincoln reduced number to 38--largest act of executive clemency, largest mass execution
Ghost Dance: revitalization movement among Indian peoples, expressed the belief that the Indians’ god would destroy the whites and return their land
Wounded Knee: federal authorities, alarmed by the frenzy of the Ghost Dance, sent soldiers to the Sioux reservation, confrontation at wounded knee left over one hundred dead, symbolized the death of 19th century Plains Indian culture.
Sitting Bull: Sitting Bull: leader of Sioux warriors, along with Crazy Horse, at battle of Little Bighorn in Montana Territory on June 25, 1876 over the Black Hills of western Dakota (sacred land invaded by gold-seekers) Sioux wiped out Seventh Calvary, were later crushed in winter retaliation
Sand Creek: massacre of 200 Indians at Sand Creek reservation in Colorado. Cheyenne Chief Black Kettle thought he had made peace w/ settlers and returned to reservation, Chivington’s militia attacked on Nov. 29, 1864
Chief Joseph: of the Nez Perce, “I will fight no more forever” pronounced epitaph for way of life when federal troops blocked their escape from Montana to Canada in 1877, Indians left with no alternative to reservations
"Peace Policy": announced in Grant’s inaugural address in 1869 urging acceptance of white culture including English language, Christianity, individual property ownership, allegiance to U.S. instead of tribe. Indians became “wards of the nation” most Indians acquiesced by 1880s
Dawes Severalty Act:
1887 gave Indian families 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land in order to make the remaining land available to whites. Many Indians lost their land titles through fraud and misrepresentation. Farming was seen as woman’s work--Americanizing Indian males stripped them of their manhood
"New South":
crop lien system: merchants in country stores across the South who provided farmers with supplies in return for a lien (legal claim) on their next crop. System came into being because of the money and credit shortage after the war, few banks survived, farmers couldn’t get loans
convict labor: states began leasing convicted criminals to private contractors (coal mines, railroads, etc) to eliminate cost of housing and feeding these prisoners while receiving a profit. 90% of convicts were black and were worked like slaves, sometimes to death.
Williams v. Mississippi: 1898 a United States Supreme Court case, reviewed provisions of the state constitution that set requirements for voter registration, did not find discrimination in the state's requirements for voters to pass a literacy test and pay poll taxes, as these were applied to all voters.
Charles Cuiteau: American lawyer who assassinated U.S. President James A. Garfield on July 2, 1881.
Plessy v. Ferguson: upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal". Plessy was the black guy who wanted to ride on the train.
Pendleton Act: 1883 est. United States Civil Service Commission, meant most federal government employees on the merit system,end of "spoils system," provided for some government jobs to be filled on the basis of competitive exams. Ie politicized government.
Jim Crow Laws: 1876-1965 "separate but equal" regarding public facillities used by blacks and whites
James G. Blaine: 1884 Republican nominee for president, a half-breed (moderate)
Booker T. Washington: 1895, new black leader, accepted segregation as temporary accommodation between the races, believed whites would support black efforts for education, social uplift, and economic progress, goal not permanent second-class citizenship for blacks, but improvement through self-help and uplift until they earned white acceptance as equals.
Grover Cleaveland: 1894 democrat elected president, decided to ignore the rising tide of farmer and labor discontent and make or break his presidency on the tariff issue, won 1892 by largest margin in 20 years.
Mugwumps: defected republicans, those who supported Cleveland in 1894.
Stalwarts: other main part of republican party, in favor of political machines and spoils system-style patronage.
Half-breeds: moderate wing of republican party, in favor of civil service reform and a merit system.
Frederick Jackson Turner:
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Monday, February 9, 2009
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4 comments:
I'm werkin. take yourself a little breakie.
"Sodbuster": term used to describe settlers of the prairies and plains west of the Mississippi during the 1870s and 80s who built their homes out of sod broken with steel plows. Fenced with the newly invented (1874) barbed wire.
Abilene, Kansas: small village that quickly became a boomtown after the Texan longhorn cattle industry was brought there in 1867, the rails of the Kansas Pacific made it possible for herds to be driven to Abilene to be shipped to Kansas City or Chicago, resulted in the interlocking institutions of the cattle drive and Chicago stockyards.
"range wars": clashes between “grangers” (farmers), sheep ranchers, and rustlers. Johnson County War in Wyoming in 1892 is most notorious
"Great American Desert": high plains and mountain valleys west of the Mississippi opened to white settlement in the 1850s with the Kansas and Nebraska territories, forcing Indian tribes onto reservations
Lakota Sioux: tricked census takers to procure more provisions from reservation authorities, filed past federal census counters more than once using false names.
Santee Sioux: delayed payments to tribes that had sold their land to government caused Sioux to become restive when late payment threatened starvation, robbery that caused the death of white settlers sparked a massacre of white Minnesotans. Army stopped uprising and 303 Indians were sentenced to death, Lincoln reduced number to 38--largest act of executive clemency, largest mass execution
Ghost Dance: revitalization movement among Indian peoples, expressed the belief that the Indians’ god would destroy the whites and return their land
Wounded Knee: federal authorities, alarmed by the frenzy of the Ghost Dance, sent soldiers to the Sioux reservation, confrontation at wounded knee left over one hundred dead, symbolized the death of 19th century Plains Indian culture.
Sitting Bull: leader of Sioux warriors, along with Crazy Horse, at battle of Little Bighorn in Montana Territory on June 25, 1876 over the Black Hills of western Dakota (sacred land invaded by gold-seekers) Sioux wiped out Seventh Calvary, were later crushed in winter retaliation
Sand Creek: massacre of 200 Indians at Sand Creek reservation in Colorado. Cheyenne Chief Black Kettle thought he had made peace w/ settlers and returned to reservation, Chivington’s militia attacked on Nov. 29, 1864
Chief Joseph: of the Nez Perce, “I will fight no more forever” pronounced epitaph for way of life when federal troops blocked their escape from Montana to Canada in 1877, Indians left with no alternative to reservations
"Peace Policy": announced in Grant’s inaugural address in 1869 urging acceptance of white culture including English language, Christianity, individual property ownership, allegiance to U.S. instead of tribe. Indians became “wards of the nation” most Indians acquiesced by 1880s
Dawes Severalty Act: 1887. gave Indian families 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land in order to make the remaining land available to whites. Many Indians lost their land titles through fraud and misrepresentation. Farming was seen as woman’s work--Americanizing Indian males stripped them of their manhood
crop lien system: merchants in country stores across the South who provided farmers with supplies in return for a lien (legal claim) on their next crop. System came into being because of the money and credit shortage after the war, few banks survived, farmers couldn’t get loans
convict labor: states began leasing convicted criminals to private contractors (coal mines, railroads, etc) to eliminate cost of housing and feeding these prisoners while receiving a profit. 90% of convicts were black and were worked like slaves, sometimes to death.
I LOVE YOU MIA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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