Harry Truman: president at the end of WWI, launched atomic bomb, endorsed "containment" policy after the war
"Fair Deal:" Truman's continuation of Roosevelt's New Deal policies, but they were focused on help of specific groups
"revisionists:" historians that argue that the Soviet's obsession with securing its borders was an appropriate reaction to German aggression.
Henry Wallace: Truman's most visible Democratic critic, chided Truman for exaggerating the Soviet threat.
Containment: the principle of not letting communism spread any farther than it already had. Linked to economic policies by Marshall plan.
Truman Doctrine: believed in the policy of containment, began with effort to combat insurgency in Greece, tied US security to fate of "free peoples" everywhere, congress approved $400 million in assistance to Greece and Turkey, mostly military.
Executive Order 9835: brought containment of communism to home front, instituted system of loyalty boards to investigate backgrounds and activities of federal employees, looked for "security risks" within government workforce, authorized attorney general's office to identify organizations considered subversive, stemmed from administration fear of Soviet espionage.
("loyalty boards")
George Kennan: the state department's leading expert on soviet affairs. Developed "containment," but upset with military implementation.
Marshall Plan: (1947) linked economic policies in Western Europe to containment, US funds used to help Western European governments with reconstruction, $13 billion, Soviets invited, but declined b/c didn't want to reveal economy to US, rebuilt Western europe, further isolated USSR.
National Security Act of 1947: created Defense Department, National Security Council, Air Force separate from Army and Navy, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC): held hearings in 1947 to expose alleged communist infiltration in Hollywood. Sent to prison those industry workers who refused to answer questions.
Alger Hiss: affair, catapulted Richard Nixon into national prominence, involved low-level member of FDR's administration who was alleged to have communist connections, statue of limitations ran out on espionage charge, but convicted of perjury.
"Verona Files:" revealed depth of Soviet penetration, close ties between Moscow and Communist Party of the United States, Soviet informants in wartime governmental agencies, soviets began gathering atomic information in 1944.
"To Secure These Rights:" committee report that called for federal legislation against lynching, discrimination and segregation.
Kinsey Report: Dr. Aldred Dinsey's report that homosexuality was simply another form of sexuality and should be tolerated.
Strom Thurmond: 1948 States' Rights Party presidential candidate
Thomas Dewey:1948 Republican Party presidential candidate
Taft-Hartley Act: (1947) aka Labor-Managements Relations Act, limited unions' power to conduct boycotts, reduced use of "closed shop" as a way of influencing how workers were hired, prevented unions from calling strikes the president judged against national interest, increased union power to control members, required union leaders to swear against communist affiliations.
Federal Housing Authority (FHA): funded housing projects such as Levittown so as to addres the nation's housing crisis and rising demand.
Employment Act of 1946: adaption of Full Employment Bill, ensured maximum employment, created council of economic affairs.
GI Bill of Rights (Serviceman's Readjustment Act of 1944): comprehensive set of benefits for veterans of WWII. Included financial aid for college, preferential treatment for government jobs, med-core at veteran hospitals, extended to Korean War vets.
Jackie Robinson: first African american to play for a national league baseball team, endured racial abuse during rookie season.
Dr. Benjamin Spock: wrote Baby and Childcare in 1946. Sold millions of copies. Allocated all child-rearing responsibilities to women.
Levittown: Suburbia, 5-room bungalows sold to white, middle-class males, subsidies by government through Housing Acts.
Playboy: seen as a rejection of classical fatherly ideals, advocated as promiscuous lifestyle for men.
Rebel Without a Cause: 1955 movie about rebellious teen, sought to portray decay of youth, critique parenting and expose rift between generations.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): military alliance between US, Canada, and other European nations. Attack on one member would be an attack on all. Cooperated on economic matters.
Berlin Blockade: soviets blockaded road and water traffic to west Berlin, ineffective because US flew in supplies.
Jiang Jieshi: capitalist leader of China that US supported government driven out to Taiwan by communist Mao Ze Dong.
Paul Nitze: reviewed US foreign policy, produced NSC-68.
NSC-68: developed US stance on communism as freedom US slavery and was used as basis of propaganda.
Mao Zedong: communist leader that took power in China and threw out Jiang Jieshi.
Syngman Rhee: headed unsteady, autocratic South Korean government. His protection of upper-class landowners angered some and prompted war.
Kim Il-Sung: communist leader of North Korea, moved troops into South Korea and provoked war with the US.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: convicted of providing Soviets with information about US nuclear weapons, controversial.
J. Edgar Hoover: head of the FBI, extremely powerful and racist, conducted illegal practices and held great influence.
Dwight D. Eisenhower: president after Truman, military hero, focused on foreign policy combatting communist expansion.
Communist Control Act of 1954: barred communist party from having candidates in elections in the United States.
Ebony: a publication that celebrated black mothers and mothers that combined success at work and at parenting.
Adlai Stevenson: democratic presidential candidate in 1952, strong anti-communist stance, got crushed by Eisenhower.
Baruch Plan: proposal by US to extend full disclosure between ll UN members of nuclear research and materials.
...Read more
Monday, April 13, 2009
Sunday, April 5, 2009
Terms & Names: Chapter 26
Nye Committee: a senate investigating committee headed by Republican Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota, which held well publicized hearings on US participation in WWI. Endorsed claims that the nation had been maneuvered into the war to preserve the profits of American bankers and munitions makers, who had developed a huge financial stake in Anglo-French victory. Led to public opinion opposing involvement in foreign conflicts and fearing manipulation by "merchants of death."
Ethiopia: because of economic situations in Italy, they turned to ultranationalist fascism, and a coping mechanism of the government was to promise territorial expansion, so they attacked, and overpowered Ethiopia.
Spanish Civil War: Britain, pursuing isolation, remained uninvolved, also heightened growing interventionist sentiment in US, because conservatives hailed Franco as strong anticommunist, while the political left renounced growing support for fascism in Europe.
Nazi-Soviet Pact: 1939 Hitler secured Germany's eastern flank by signing a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union. They agreed to cooperate in carving up territory, but they secretly decided to divide up Poland, and the Baltic states.
Panay Incident: end of 1937, Japanese planes sank the American gunboat Panay as it evacuated American officials from Nanjing, but Japan's quick apology that they had "accidently bombed the ship, not knowing it was american," defused a potential crisis. Still, it heightened tensions between US and Japan.
Destroyers for bases deal: September 1940, provided direct aid to Britain by escorting supply ships with destroyers which were shallow and poor targets for submarines, aroused significant domestic opposition, signaled FDR’s growing determination to do what was necessary to save Britain.
Blitzkrieg: "lighting warfare," April 1940 German tactic, in which massed tank formations, motorized infantry and artillery, and air support, swiftly overran Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France. Shocked Allies, led to Dunkirk retreat, Germans occupied France.
Wendell Willkie: republican nominee for the 1940 presidential election, lawyer and business executive with ties to the party's East Cost, internationalist wing. Wilson crushed him.
Selective Training and Service Act of 1940: Military Training Camps Association lobbied on behalf of act, first peacetime conscription.
America First Committee: organized by General Robert E. Wood, head of Sears, Roebuck, and Co., included Charles Lindbergh, tried to keep US out of war.
Lend-Lease (House Resolution 1776): despite the Neutrality Act, the US would now loan, rather than sell, munitions to the Allies, remaining "isolationist."
Senator Burton K. Wheeler: during the Lend-Lease Act debate, evoked Roosevelt's unpopular destruction of farm surpluses during the early years of the New Deal by charging that the act would "plow under every fourth american boy.
Atlantic Charter: August 1941, eight-point declaration of common principles, disavowed territorial expansion, endorsed free trade, and self determination, and pledged the postwar creation of a new world organization that would ensure "general security."
Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941 Japanese bombing of US fleet in Hawaii, did loads of damage, psychological effects unified US. Directly lead to US involvement in WWII.
Henry Stimson: Roosevelt's secretary of War, warned of Soviet domination of central Europe following war if Allies did not directly attack Germany.
Joseph Stalin: leader of communist Russia at the end of WWII, agreed on apparitions of land after war, pledged to enter war against Japan after Germany surrendered at Tehran conference.
Winson Churchill: prime minister of Britain during WWII, appeased Hitler, then when war began, feared a direct confrontation with Germany, and so led to the attack of North African and Italy. Though, in his defense, he was able to maintain British solidarity, and keep Germany from invading.
Casablanca Conference: January 1943, Roosevelt sided with Churchill over Stalin, in the debate over opening a second European front (ie, invasion of France) versus a front in North Africa.
Unconditional Surrender: to assuage Stalin's fears that Great Britain and the US might sign peace treaties wit Hitler, the two pledged to say in until the point of Germany's unconditional surrender.
Operation TORCH: North African operation, beginning with Anglo-American landings in Morocco and Algeria in Nov 1942, because Churchill wanted some moral boosting victories.
Stalingrad: Soviets turned tied of battle, cut off and destroyed one German army, sent the others retreating. Largely due to German forces being split between Eastern front and TORCH.
Charles DeGaulle: leader of the Free French movement, to get Ally forces to liberate France from occupation, outraged by US deal wiht French Admiral Jean Darlan, to break with the Vichy regime.
Operation Overlord: aka D-Day, the Ally invasion of France at the Normandy beaches, began on June 6, 1944. Tricked Germans, who were caught off-guard.
Dwight Eisenhower: directed D-Day attacks, made decision to allow Soviets to take Berlin.
Jiang Jeishi (Chiang Kai-shek): led incompetent, corrupt, and unpopular Nationalist government, aided by FDR, because he was not communist, though he sucked, continued by Domestic China Lobby.
Gneral Joseph W. Stillwell: had worked with the Chinese armies resisting the Japanese invasion in the late 1930s, undertook the job of turning China into an effective military force. "Vinegar Joe."
Douglas MacArthur: commander of the US army in the South Pacific, favored an offensive lunched from his headquarters in Australia, through New Guinea and the Philippines and on to Japan.
War Produciton Board: most powerful of the new economic agencies created with the enhancement of the federal government, oversaw conversion and expansion of factories, allocated resources, and enforced production priorities and schedules,
General Curtis LeMay: headed replacement operation to Arnold's firebombing of Japan, from Saipan, official position was that the incendiary raids on Japanese cities constituted "precision" rather than area bombing, destroyed industrial capacity by bombing workers, and burning cities, lots of civilian casualties.
Admiral Chester Nimitz: commander of the US forces at Midway Island, who received partially broken codes warning him of the Japanese attack, he was able to preempt their attack.
Tokyo Fire Raid: March 9-10, 1945, beginning of LeMay's stragegy, 276,000 buildings razed, 185,000 casualties.
Manhattan Project: a secret program to build a bomb based on atomic research, enlisted to p scientists, largest and most secretive military project EVER.
Office of Price Administration: regulated rices to control inflation and rationed such scarce commodities as gasoline, rubber, steel, shoes, coffee, sugar, and meat.
Okinawa: Japanese island which provided a "stopping point" along the way to japan for planes to refuel, invaluable, brought US bombers within range of Japan mainland. Illustrated the nearly unbelievable ferocity of the island campaigns.
“pin ups:” service publications often contained "pin-up" sections, with sexual images of women. Signified the changing attitude toward women with the development of the association of manliness with brutality and casual sex.
Kaiser Coorporation: spectacular growth in the 1930s had been spurred by federal dam contracts, turned its attention to building ships, aircraft, and military vehicles such as the "jeep" during WWII.
Frank Capra: movie director, master of nostalgia, became one of the most celebrated and successful of the wartime image makers, shaped inspiring and sentimental representations of the American life-- aka propaganda. Champion of the common man, "Mr. Deeds Comes to Town," and "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington."
Fair Employment Practices Commission: president created by executive order, tried to ban discrimination in hiring
Office of War Information: created by Roosevelt in 1942, in response to the failed Office of Facts and Figures, to coordinate policies related to propaganda and censorship.
Elanor Roosevelt: first lady, repeatedly antagonized southern Democrats and members of her husband's administration by her support for civil rights and her participation in integrated social functions.
A Phillip Randolph: labor leader, promised to lead tens of thousands of frustrated black workers in a march on Washington to demand more defense jobs and integration of the military forces. invited Roosevelt to address the planned gathering with the help of major black organizations and other prestigious African American leaders. Canceled march in return for FEPC.
“zoot suit” riots: 1943 pitted Anglos against Mexican Americans, incidents between young Mexican American men wearing flamboyant outfits that featured over-large suits and pants, and local police. Exemplified racial tensions experienced during the war.
United Nations: fulfilled Woodrow Wilson's vision of an international body to deter aggressor nations. Composed of General Assembly, in which each member would be represented and have one vote, and a Security Council, which would include five permanent members and six rotating members who would have primary responsibility for maintaing peace.
Committeee/Congress on Racial Equality: an organization founded in 1942 by whites and blacks who advocated nonviolent resistance to segregation, devised new strategies during the war. Staged sit-ins to protest inequality.
Yalta Conference: early 1945 three allied powers agreed to divide Germany into four zones of occupation, France being the fourth occupying force, later permanently solidified into a Soviet holding field in the east.
...Read more
Ethiopia: because of economic situations in Italy, they turned to ultranationalist fascism, and a coping mechanism of the government was to promise territorial expansion, so they attacked, and overpowered Ethiopia.
Spanish Civil War: Britain, pursuing isolation, remained uninvolved, also heightened growing interventionist sentiment in US, because conservatives hailed Franco as strong anticommunist, while the political left renounced growing support for fascism in Europe.
Nazi-Soviet Pact: 1939 Hitler secured Germany's eastern flank by signing a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union. They agreed to cooperate in carving up territory, but they secretly decided to divide up Poland, and the Baltic states.
Panay Incident: end of 1937, Japanese planes sank the American gunboat Panay as it evacuated American officials from Nanjing, but Japan's quick apology that they had "accidently bombed the ship, not knowing it was american," defused a potential crisis. Still, it heightened tensions between US and Japan.
Destroyers for bases deal: September 1940, provided direct aid to Britain by escorting supply ships with destroyers which were shallow and poor targets for submarines, aroused significant domestic opposition, signaled FDR’s growing determination to do what was necessary to save Britain.
Blitzkrieg: "lighting warfare," April 1940 German tactic, in which massed tank formations, motorized infantry and artillery, and air support, swiftly overran Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France. Shocked Allies, led to Dunkirk retreat, Germans occupied France.
Wendell Willkie: republican nominee for the 1940 presidential election, lawyer and business executive with ties to the party's East Cost, internationalist wing. Wilson crushed him.
Selective Training and Service Act of 1940: Military Training Camps Association lobbied on behalf of act, first peacetime conscription.
America First Committee: organized by General Robert E. Wood, head of Sears, Roebuck, and Co., included Charles Lindbergh, tried to keep US out of war.
Lend-Lease (House Resolution 1776): despite the Neutrality Act, the US would now loan, rather than sell, munitions to the Allies, remaining "isolationist."
Senator Burton K. Wheeler: during the Lend-Lease Act debate, evoked Roosevelt's unpopular destruction of farm surpluses during the early years of the New Deal by charging that the act would "plow under every fourth american boy.
Atlantic Charter: August 1941, eight-point declaration of common principles, disavowed territorial expansion, endorsed free trade, and self determination, and pledged the postwar creation of a new world organization that would ensure "general security."
Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941 Japanese bombing of US fleet in Hawaii, did loads of damage, psychological effects unified US. Directly lead to US involvement in WWII.
Henry Stimson: Roosevelt's secretary of War, warned of Soviet domination of central Europe following war if Allies did not directly attack Germany.
Joseph Stalin: leader of communist Russia at the end of WWII, agreed on apparitions of land after war, pledged to enter war against Japan after Germany surrendered at Tehran conference.
Winson Churchill: prime minister of Britain during WWII, appeased Hitler, then when war began, feared a direct confrontation with Germany, and so led to the attack of North African and Italy. Though, in his defense, he was able to maintain British solidarity, and keep Germany from invading.
Casablanca Conference: January 1943, Roosevelt sided with Churchill over Stalin, in the debate over opening a second European front (ie, invasion of France) versus a front in North Africa.
Unconditional Surrender: to assuage Stalin's fears that Great Britain and the US might sign peace treaties wit Hitler, the two pledged to say in until the point of Germany's unconditional surrender.
Operation TORCH: North African operation, beginning with Anglo-American landings in Morocco and Algeria in Nov 1942, because Churchill wanted some moral boosting victories.
Stalingrad: Soviets turned tied of battle, cut off and destroyed one German army, sent the others retreating. Largely due to German forces being split between Eastern front and TORCH.
Charles DeGaulle: leader of the Free French movement, to get Ally forces to liberate France from occupation, outraged by US deal wiht French Admiral Jean Darlan, to break with the Vichy regime.
Operation Overlord: aka D-Day, the Ally invasion of France at the Normandy beaches, began on June 6, 1944. Tricked Germans, who were caught off-guard.
Dwight Eisenhower: directed D-Day attacks, made decision to allow Soviets to take Berlin.
Jiang Jeishi (Chiang Kai-shek): led incompetent, corrupt, and unpopular Nationalist government, aided by FDR, because he was not communist, though he sucked, continued by Domestic China Lobby.
Gneral Joseph W. Stillwell: had worked with the Chinese armies resisting the Japanese invasion in the late 1930s, undertook the job of turning China into an effective military force. "Vinegar Joe."
Douglas MacArthur: commander of the US army in the South Pacific, favored an offensive lunched from his headquarters in Australia, through New Guinea and the Philippines and on to Japan.
War Produciton Board: most powerful of the new economic agencies created with the enhancement of the federal government, oversaw conversion and expansion of factories, allocated resources, and enforced production priorities and schedules,
General Curtis LeMay: headed replacement operation to Arnold's firebombing of Japan, from Saipan, official position was that the incendiary raids on Japanese cities constituted "precision" rather than area bombing, destroyed industrial capacity by bombing workers, and burning cities, lots of civilian casualties.
Admiral Chester Nimitz: commander of the US forces at Midway Island, who received partially broken codes warning him of the Japanese attack, he was able to preempt their attack.
Tokyo Fire Raid: March 9-10, 1945, beginning of LeMay's stragegy, 276,000 buildings razed, 185,000 casualties.
Manhattan Project: a secret program to build a bomb based on atomic research, enlisted to p scientists, largest and most secretive military project EVER.
Office of Price Administration: regulated rices to control inflation and rationed such scarce commodities as gasoline, rubber, steel, shoes, coffee, sugar, and meat.
Okinawa: Japanese island which provided a "stopping point" along the way to japan for planes to refuel, invaluable, brought US bombers within range of Japan mainland. Illustrated the nearly unbelievable ferocity of the island campaigns.
“pin ups:” service publications often contained "pin-up" sections, with sexual images of women. Signified the changing attitude toward women with the development of the association of manliness with brutality and casual sex.
Kaiser Coorporation: spectacular growth in the 1930s had been spurred by federal dam contracts, turned its attention to building ships, aircraft, and military vehicles such as the "jeep" during WWII.
Frank Capra: movie director, master of nostalgia, became one of the most celebrated and successful of the wartime image makers, shaped inspiring and sentimental representations of the American life-- aka propaganda. Champion of the common man, "Mr. Deeds Comes to Town," and "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington."
Fair Employment Practices Commission: president created by executive order, tried to ban discrimination in hiring
Office of War Information: created by Roosevelt in 1942, in response to the failed Office of Facts and Figures, to coordinate policies related to propaganda and censorship.
Elanor Roosevelt: first lady, repeatedly antagonized southern Democrats and members of her husband's administration by her support for civil rights and her participation in integrated social functions.
A Phillip Randolph: labor leader, promised to lead tens of thousands of frustrated black workers in a march on Washington to demand more defense jobs and integration of the military forces. invited Roosevelt to address the planned gathering with the help of major black organizations and other prestigious African American leaders. Canceled march in return for FEPC.
“zoot suit” riots: 1943 pitted Anglos against Mexican Americans, incidents between young Mexican American men wearing flamboyant outfits that featured over-large suits and pants, and local police. Exemplified racial tensions experienced during the war.
United Nations: fulfilled Woodrow Wilson's vision of an international body to deter aggressor nations. Composed of General Assembly, in which each member would be represented and have one vote, and a Security Council, which would include five permanent members and six rotating members who would have primary responsibility for maintaing peace.
Committeee/Congress on Racial Equality: an organization founded in 1942 by whites and blacks who advocated nonviolent resistance to segregation, devised new strategies during the war. Staged sit-ins to protest inequality.
Yalta Conference: early 1945 three allied powers agreed to divide Germany into four zones of occupation, France being the fourth occupying force, later permanently solidified into a Soviet holding field in the east.
Terms & Names: Chapter 25
Black Tuesday: (October 29, 1929) massive stock market crash; stock values plummeted $14 billion. Beginning of Great Depression.
Good neighbor policy: Roosevelt? policy toward South American countries
Hawley-Smoot Tariff: aka Tariff Act of 1930, accelerated economic decline abroad and in US, put higher tariffs on agricultural and manufactured products. Angry foreign governments retaliated by raising their own tariff rates to keep out American goods.
Hoovervilles: towns of hundreds of thousands of Americans who built makeshift shelters out of cardboard, scrap metal.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation: created in 1932, made $2 billion available in loans to ailing banks and corporations willing to build low-cost housing, bridges, and other public works. Biggest federal peacetime intervention in the economy up to that point. Created largest peacetime deficit, leading to Hoover trying to balance the budget.
Herbert Hoover: best qualified man for president ever, but he failed epically.
Douglas MacArthur: Army Chief of Staff under Hoover, attacked the veteran's bonus army encampment, set the tents ablaze, dispersed protestors. Hella bad PR.
Bonus Army: spring 1932, a group of army veterans mounted emotional challenge to Hoover's policies, demanding the $1,000 bonus promised to them by congress after WWI, in 1924 to be received in 1945.
“on margin:” putting up only part of a stock price, and borrowing the rest from brokers or banks.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: president of the United States, understood need to carve out a middle ground, "liberalist," interventionist in economic matters, libertarian on questions of personal behavior.
Fireside chats: Roosevelt used the radio to reach out to ordinary Americans, in a series of addresses, speaking in a plain, friendly, and direct voice to the forlorn and discouraged. Explained banking crisis in simple terms and without condescension. An estimated 20 million people listened.
Elanor Rosevelt: FDR's wife, advocate of racial equality, outspoken.
Glass-Stegall Act:
Bank holiday: Roosevelt immediately ordered, after taking office, all of the nation's banks closed, though I'm not sure why
Civilian Conservation Corps: put more than 2 million single young men to work planting trees, halting erosion, and otherwise improving the environment.
Federal Deposit Insurance Coorporation: asured depositors that the government would protect up to $5,000 of their savings.
Agricultural Adjustment Act: legislation which set up the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, an organization which began paying farmers to keep a portion of their land out of cultivation and to reduce the size of their herds.
“share the wealth:” mantra of Huey Long and other populists, that the New Deal concentrated money in hands of a few elite, and should be redistributed, created Share the Wealth clubs, with middle-class or skilled worker members, worried big business orientation of New Deal would undermine their social and economic status.
Dust Bowl: the areas in six states-- Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Colorado, Kansas, and a bit of Nebraska-- in which agricultural production was affected by drought, foreign grasses, excessive plowing.
National Industry Recovery Act: authorized creation of the National Recovery Administration, which worked to rectify problems in the industrial sector.
Public Works Administration: launched by the National iNdustrial Recovery Act, had a $3.3 billion budget to sponsor internal improvements that would strengthen the nation's infrastructure of roads, bridges, sewage systems, hospitals, airports and schools.
Soil Conservation service: government's 1935 response to Dust Bowl, recognizing that soil problems of Great Plains could not be solved simply by taking gland out of production, urged farmers to plant soil-conserving grasses and legumes, in place of wheat. Taught farmers how to plow along contour lines, and how to build terraces.
Huey Long: populist opposition to FDR, attacked New Deal, that it wasn't going to the populus, offered alternative: to redistribute the wealth, gauranteeing each american a $5,000 estate.
Tenessee Valley Authority: created by the Tenessee Valley Auhority Act (1933) to control flooding on the Tenessee River, harness its water power to generate electricity, improve river naivigability, and ease the poverty and isolation of the area's inhabitants.
Francis E. Townsend: popular California doctor who claimed that the way to end the depression was to give every senior citizen $200 per month with the stipulation that seniors would spend the money, this putting more money in circulation and reviving economic demand. Eventually adapted to form the Social Security System.
Father Charles Coughlin: "radio priest," delivered stinging critique of New Deal to a weekly radio audience between 30 and 40 million. Appealed to anxious middle-class americans, and to privileged groups of workers. Charged New Deal was run by bankers and big business, that it did not spread wealth to the everyman.
Wisconsin Progressive Party: Philip La Follette governor of Wisconsin in 1934 and 1936 election wins was a member. Part of the radical third parties offering alternative to New Deal, and were influential in politics.
John L. Lewis: president of the United Mine workers, seceded (with other labour union leaders) from the AFL, and made a new organization, Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO-- later renamed the Congress of INdustrial Organizations).
Social Security Act: passed in May 1935, set up welfare funds from which money would be disbursed to the elderly poor, the unemployed, unmarried mothers with dependent children, and the disabled.
Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party: discontented agrarians and urban workers formed the MFL Party and elected their candidate to the governorship in 1930, 32, 34, and 36.
Underconsumptionism: adopted into the second New Deal plan by Roosevelt in an effort to become more populistic, advocates held that a chronic weakness in consumer demand had caused the Great Depression. The path therefore lay in the restriction of production.
Second New Deal: a program to limit the power and privelege of the wealthy few and to increase the security and welfare of ordinary citizens. 1935-37, had underconsumptionist philosophical underpinnings, based on restricting agricultural and industrial output, so there would be less competition, legislation passed.
National Labor Relations (wagner) Act: (NRLA) proimsed the right of every worker to join a union of his or her own choosing and the obligation of employers to bargain with that union in good faith, set up National Labor Relations Board to supervise union elections and to investigate claims of unfair labor practices.
Works Progress Administration: under the direction of Harry Hopkins, known as the "minister of relief," WPA built or improved thousands of schools, playgrounds, airports and hospitals, crews raked leaves, cleaned streets, and landscaped cities. Provided jobs to 30% of nation's jobless.
Hoover Dam:
Frances Perkins: Secretary of Labor, more visible than women in previous administrations, though not representative of the majority of female new dealers.
Woman of the Year: movie in which Spencer Tracy persuades the ambitious Katherine Hepburn to exchange her successful newspaper career for the bliss of motherhood and home making. Exemplified gender relations of the 30s.
Superman: new comic-strip hero of 1938, reflected spirit of the times: depicted as a working-class hero who, on several occasions, saved workers from coal mine explosions and other disasters caused by the greed and negligence of employers. Vulnerable to kryptonite, and the working woman.
Labor’s Non-Partisan League: 1936 Lewis and Hamilton created the LNPL to develop a labor strategy for the 1936 elections. Intent was to channel labor's money, energy, and talent into Roosevelt's reelection caompaign.
Committee of Industrial Organizations: Committee for Industrial Organization (renamed) more into unskilled laborers working together and stuff.
The Grapes of Wrath: John Steinbeck, best-selling novel of 1939, told epic story of an Oklahoma family's fortitude in surviving eviction from their land, migrating westward, and suffering exploitation in the "promised land," of California.
John Collier: writer best known for his short stories, many of which appeared in The New Yorker from the 1930s to the 1950s.
Marian Anderson: African American opera singer denied by the Daughters of the American Revolution to sing at an event, so Elanor Roosevelt had her sing on the steps of the Washington Monument. BAD A.
Indian Reorganization Act:
Cultural pluralism:
Court-packing fiasco:
...Read more
Good neighbor policy: Roosevelt? policy toward South American countries
Hawley-Smoot Tariff: aka Tariff Act of 1930, accelerated economic decline abroad and in US, put higher tariffs on agricultural and manufactured products. Angry foreign governments retaliated by raising their own tariff rates to keep out American goods.
Hoovervilles: towns of hundreds of thousands of Americans who built makeshift shelters out of cardboard, scrap metal.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation: created in 1932, made $2 billion available in loans to ailing banks and corporations willing to build low-cost housing, bridges, and other public works. Biggest federal peacetime intervention in the economy up to that point. Created largest peacetime deficit, leading to Hoover trying to balance the budget.
Herbert Hoover: best qualified man for president ever, but he failed epically.
Douglas MacArthur: Army Chief of Staff under Hoover, attacked the veteran's bonus army encampment, set the tents ablaze, dispersed protestors. Hella bad PR.
Bonus Army: spring 1932, a group of army veterans mounted emotional challenge to Hoover's policies, demanding the $1,000 bonus promised to them by congress after WWI, in 1924 to be received in 1945.
“on margin:” putting up only part of a stock price, and borrowing the rest from brokers or banks.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: president of the United States, understood need to carve out a middle ground, "liberalist," interventionist in economic matters, libertarian on questions of personal behavior.
Fireside chats: Roosevelt used the radio to reach out to ordinary Americans, in a series of addresses, speaking in a plain, friendly, and direct voice to the forlorn and discouraged. Explained banking crisis in simple terms and without condescension. An estimated 20 million people listened.
Elanor Rosevelt: FDR's wife, advocate of racial equality, outspoken.
Glass-Stegall Act:
Bank holiday: Roosevelt immediately ordered, after taking office, all of the nation's banks closed, though I'm not sure why
Civilian Conservation Corps: put more than 2 million single young men to work planting trees, halting erosion, and otherwise improving the environment.
Federal Deposit Insurance Coorporation: asured depositors that the government would protect up to $5,000 of their savings.
Agricultural Adjustment Act: legislation which set up the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, an organization which began paying farmers to keep a portion of their land out of cultivation and to reduce the size of their herds.
“share the wealth:” mantra of Huey Long and other populists, that the New Deal concentrated money in hands of a few elite, and should be redistributed, created Share the Wealth clubs, with middle-class or skilled worker members, worried big business orientation of New Deal would undermine their social and economic status.
Dust Bowl: the areas in six states-- Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Colorado, Kansas, and a bit of Nebraska-- in which agricultural production was affected by drought, foreign grasses, excessive plowing.
National Industry Recovery Act: authorized creation of the National Recovery Administration, which worked to rectify problems in the industrial sector.
Public Works Administration: launched by the National iNdustrial Recovery Act, had a $3.3 billion budget to sponsor internal improvements that would strengthen the nation's infrastructure of roads, bridges, sewage systems, hospitals, airports and schools.
Soil Conservation service: government's 1935 response to Dust Bowl, recognizing that soil problems of Great Plains could not be solved simply by taking gland out of production, urged farmers to plant soil-conserving grasses and legumes, in place of wheat. Taught farmers how to plow along contour lines, and how to build terraces.
Huey Long: populist opposition to FDR, attacked New Deal, that it wasn't going to the populus, offered alternative: to redistribute the wealth, gauranteeing each american a $5,000 estate.
Tenessee Valley Authority: created by the Tenessee Valley Auhority Act (1933) to control flooding on the Tenessee River, harness its water power to generate electricity, improve river naivigability, and ease the poverty and isolation of the area's inhabitants.
Francis E. Townsend: popular California doctor who claimed that the way to end the depression was to give every senior citizen $200 per month with the stipulation that seniors would spend the money, this putting more money in circulation and reviving economic demand. Eventually adapted to form the Social Security System.
Father Charles Coughlin: "radio priest," delivered stinging critique of New Deal to a weekly radio audience between 30 and 40 million. Appealed to anxious middle-class americans, and to privileged groups of workers. Charged New Deal was run by bankers and big business, that it did not spread wealth to the everyman.
Wisconsin Progressive Party: Philip La Follette governor of Wisconsin in 1934 and 1936 election wins was a member. Part of the radical third parties offering alternative to New Deal, and were influential in politics.
John L. Lewis: president of the United Mine workers, seceded (with other labour union leaders) from the AFL, and made a new organization, Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO-- later renamed the Congress of INdustrial Organizations).
Social Security Act: passed in May 1935, set up welfare funds from which money would be disbursed to the elderly poor, the unemployed, unmarried mothers with dependent children, and the disabled.
Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party: discontented agrarians and urban workers formed the MFL Party and elected their candidate to the governorship in 1930, 32, 34, and 36.
Underconsumptionism: adopted into the second New Deal plan by Roosevelt in an effort to become more populistic, advocates held that a chronic weakness in consumer demand had caused the Great Depression. The path therefore lay in the restriction of production.
Second New Deal: a program to limit the power and privelege of the wealthy few and to increase the security and welfare of ordinary citizens. 1935-37, had underconsumptionist philosophical underpinnings, based on restricting agricultural and industrial output, so there would be less competition, legislation passed.
National Labor Relations (wagner) Act: (NRLA) proimsed the right of every worker to join a union of his or her own choosing and the obligation of employers to bargain with that union in good faith, set up National Labor Relations Board to supervise union elections and to investigate claims of unfair labor practices.
Works Progress Administration: under the direction of Harry Hopkins, known as the "minister of relief," WPA built or improved thousands of schools, playgrounds, airports and hospitals, crews raked leaves, cleaned streets, and landscaped cities. Provided jobs to 30% of nation's jobless.
Hoover Dam:
Frances Perkins: Secretary of Labor, more visible than women in previous administrations, though not representative of the majority of female new dealers.
Woman of the Year: movie in which Spencer Tracy persuades the ambitious Katherine Hepburn to exchange her successful newspaper career for the bliss of motherhood and home making. Exemplified gender relations of the 30s.
Superman: new comic-strip hero of 1938, reflected spirit of the times: depicted as a working-class hero who, on several occasions, saved workers from coal mine explosions and other disasters caused by the greed and negligence of employers. Vulnerable to kryptonite, and the working woman.
Labor’s Non-Partisan League: 1936 Lewis and Hamilton created the LNPL to develop a labor strategy for the 1936 elections. Intent was to channel labor's money, energy, and talent into Roosevelt's reelection caompaign.
Committee of Industrial Organizations: Committee for Industrial Organization (renamed) more into unskilled laborers working together and stuff.
The Grapes of Wrath: John Steinbeck, best-selling novel of 1939, told epic story of an Oklahoma family's fortitude in surviving eviction from their land, migrating westward, and suffering exploitation in the "promised land," of California.
John Collier: writer best known for his short stories, many of which appeared in The New Yorker from the 1930s to the 1950s.
Marian Anderson: African American opera singer denied by the Daughters of the American Revolution to sing at an event, so Elanor Roosevelt had her sing on the steps of the Washington Monument. BAD A.
Indian Reorganization Act:
Cultural pluralism:
Court-packing fiasco:
Sunday, March 15, 2009
Terms & Names: Chapter 24
Warren G. Harding: President after Wilson,
Farmer-Labor Parties: combinatin of the two groups being that they had relatively common interests
“consumer durables:” those must-have items advertised heavily by capitalist big companies
“perishables:” fruits and vegetables made more available because of refrigeration and transportation
Robert LaFollette: supporter of progressivism, didn’t like WWI, League of nations, railroad trusts
Middletown: series of studies in late twenties on affects of economy on normanl Americans
Doris Fleishmann: successful capitalist woman, able to pursue success because of sexual liberation
Flappers: because of the sexual liberation experienced during the 20s, women dressed more scantily, and behaved much more like men, even taking on more masculine aesthetics
Welfare Capitalism: extremely wealthy capitalists would support the lower classes ie Rockefeller, Carnegie
Ohio Gang: a band of politicians and industry leaders associated with Harding
Yellow Dog Contracts: agreement by laboureres not to participate in unions
Albert Fall: involved with teapot dome scandal
Teapot Dome Scandall: bribary scandal in which Fall bought a section of land and sold it for a bunch of money or something
Calvin Coolidge: president during prosperous twenties
Herbert Hoover: US president, extremely experienced in world scene, lots of prior work with govnt and such
Assosiationalism: idea of joining together to maintain freedom
Railway Labor Act: idea was to replace strikes with mediation, and talks
Washington Conference on Limitaiton of Armaments: Wilson’s attempt following WWI to get everybody to disarm, epic fail sale
John Dewey: recognized as one of the international founders of pragmatism
Dawes Plan: attempt to collect war reparations debt from Germany
Charles Evans Hughes: chief justice under Hoover, outspoken
McNary-Haugen Bill: intended to support US farmers by limiting sales of US agriculture in US, storing or exporting it ?
Kellogg-Briand Pact: agreement between france and US that the two countries would not go to war against eachother
Al Capone: Italian gangster in new york, profited off gang crime and underworld
Ku Klux Klan: racial superioritists who went about tyring to lynch people and wearing white hoods and such-not
Fundamentalism: idea that the bible had to be interpreted megau uber literally
Johnson Reid Act: 1924 immigration act limiting the amounts of certain nationalities which could enter the US
Birth of a Nation: silent film touting racism and supporting KKK and racial superiority thoughts
Liberal Protestants: those who believed in a looser interpretation of the Bible
William Jennings-Bryan: Wilson’s secretary of state, pro-British
Scopes Trial: trial attempting to find the legality of teaching Darwinian evolution in schools
H.L. Mencken: One of the trial laywers during the Scopes case
Clarence Darrow: one of the trial lawyers during the Scopes case
Laissez Faire: economics free from government intervention, based on the idea that competition was good for the marked, essentially capitalism
Harlem Renaissance: revival of Black culture based on Jazz renaissance, largely reliant on white patrons
Al Smith: black American Jazz musician
Louis Armstrong: black famous Jazz musician, part of the lost generation
New Negro: educated, interested in creating own nation, as opposed to being deferential and what not
Jazz: African spiritual/ roots music mixed with European classical music
Duke Ellington: black American jazz musician
Langston Hughes: black American poet
Sinclair Lewis: black American fiction author
Corridos: Mexican ballad of romance
The Great Gatsby (F. Scott Fitzgerald): member of lost generation, about a man’s demise because of his desire to fit in with the mega consumer society of the 20s
Ernest Hemingway: author, member of lost generation
William Faulkner: author, member of lost generation
The Agrarians: those who advocated for the farmers in the 20s
Walter Lippman: award-winning writer, journalist, and political commentator. ...Read more
Farmer-Labor Parties: combinatin of the two groups being that they had relatively common interests
“consumer durables:” those must-have items advertised heavily by capitalist big companies
“perishables:” fruits and vegetables made more available because of refrigeration and transportation
Robert LaFollette: supporter of progressivism, didn’t like WWI, League of nations, railroad trusts
Middletown: series of studies in late twenties on affects of economy on normanl Americans
Doris Fleishmann: successful capitalist woman, able to pursue success because of sexual liberation
Flappers: because of the sexual liberation experienced during the 20s, women dressed more scantily, and behaved much more like men, even taking on more masculine aesthetics
Welfare Capitalism: extremely wealthy capitalists would support the lower classes ie Rockefeller, Carnegie
Ohio Gang: a band of politicians and industry leaders associated with Harding
Yellow Dog Contracts: agreement by laboureres not to participate in unions
Albert Fall: involved with teapot dome scandal
Teapot Dome Scandall: bribary scandal in which Fall bought a section of land and sold it for a bunch of money or something
Calvin Coolidge: president during prosperous twenties
Herbert Hoover: US president, extremely experienced in world scene, lots of prior work with govnt and such
Assosiationalism: idea of joining together to maintain freedom
Railway Labor Act: idea was to replace strikes with mediation, and talks
Washington Conference on Limitaiton of Armaments: Wilson’s attempt following WWI to get everybody to disarm, epic fail sale
John Dewey: recognized as one of the international founders of pragmatism
Dawes Plan: attempt to collect war reparations debt from Germany
Charles Evans Hughes: chief justice under Hoover, outspoken
McNary-Haugen Bill: intended to support US farmers by limiting sales of US agriculture in US, storing or exporting it ?
Kellogg-Briand Pact: agreement between france and US that the two countries would not go to war against eachother
Al Capone: Italian gangster in new york, profited off gang crime and underworld
Ku Klux Klan: racial superioritists who went about tyring to lynch people and wearing white hoods and such-not
Fundamentalism: idea that the bible had to be interpreted megau uber literally
Johnson Reid Act: 1924 immigration act limiting the amounts of certain nationalities which could enter the US
Birth of a Nation: silent film touting racism and supporting KKK and racial superiority thoughts
Liberal Protestants: those who believed in a looser interpretation of the Bible
William Jennings-Bryan: Wilson’s secretary of state, pro-British
Scopes Trial: trial attempting to find the legality of teaching Darwinian evolution in schools
H.L. Mencken: One of the trial laywers during the Scopes case
Clarence Darrow: one of the trial lawyers during the Scopes case
Laissez Faire: economics free from government intervention, based on the idea that competition was good for the marked, essentially capitalism
Harlem Renaissance: revival of Black culture based on Jazz renaissance, largely reliant on white patrons
Al Smith: black American Jazz musician
Louis Armstrong: black famous Jazz musician, part of the lost generation
New Negro: educated, interested in creating own nation, as opposed to being deferential and what not
Jazz: African spiritual/ roots music mixed with European classical music
Duke Ellington: black American jazz musician
Langston Hughes: black American poet
Sinclair Lewis: black American fiction author
Corridos: Mexican ballad of romance
The Great Gatsby (F. Scott Fitzgerald): member of lost generation, about a man’s demise because of his desire to fit in with the mega consumer society of the 20s
Ernest Hemingway: author, member of lost generation
William Faulkner: author, member of lost generation
The Agrarians: those who advocated for the farmers in the 20s
Walter Lippman: award-winning writer, journalist, and political commentator. ...Read more
Terms & Names: Chapter 23
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, Russia (eventually US)
Theodore Roosevelt: convinced US should join Entente to check German power and expansionism.
Woodrow Wilson: US President during WWI, at first encouraged American neutrality.
Edward M. House: Wilson’s closest foreign policy advisor, extremely pro-British, probably contributed to US sympathy with Anglo side of the war, and therefore eventual military involvement.
Sussex Pledge: following the U-boat attack on the French passenger liner, Sussex, Wilson demanded that Germany spare civilians from attack. Germany relented, but warned it might resume unrestricted submarine warfare.
Lusitania: a British passenger liner, secretly carrying munitions to Britain from America, and also carrying US civilians who had been warned that German submarines would probably attack, one step in US involvement in WWI
League of Nations: kinda like the UN, envisioned a peaceful “parliament of the world,” Wilson’s dying dream in life
"Trench Warfare:" method of defensive fighting employed on the Western front
William Jennings Bryan: Wilson’s secretary of state, pro British
Alexander Kerensky: man who led the democratic overthrow of the Tsar and monarchical rule in Russia in 1917
Eugen V. Debs: Socialist leader who opposed WWI, imprisoned for opposition
"He kept us out of war:" motto used by supporters of Wilson during re-election bid in 1916
"Peace without victory:" the idea that not declaring a victor, and not blaming the supposed “loser” would better keep the peace, advocated by Wilson, displayed to have been successful through the peace following the Napoleonic Wars
Zimmerman Telegram: note from German foreign minister to Mexico, directing Mexico to declare war on US in the event of a war between Germany and US; Germany promised to reclaim for Mexico the territories lost to the US.
Vladimir Lenin: man who led communist, “Bolshevik” revolution in Russia, thus extracting Russia from WWI conflict, and lessening pressure on Germany
Georges Clemenceau: French leader during WWI, extremely distrustful/resentful of Germany, part of the Big Three
John P. Pershing: “black jack,” commanded several black regimenty things during the Spanish-American War, but despite this, when he was in charge of figuring out WWI troops, he opted for segregation, to minimize fighting within troops
Fourteen Points: Wilson’s plan for establishing order following the end of WWI, had three components—self determination, international code of conduct, and the League of Nations.
War Industries Board: government section in charge of dealing with industry during the war, with unions and also mobilizing for total war.
Flu Epidemic of 1919: 500,000 Americans died, only exposure of America to real status war disease and horribleness.
Herbert Hoover: foreign minister in charge of distributing food stuffs to Europe and American troops, later appointed to head the American food administration
Bernard Baruch: economic advisor to Wilson
Samuel Gompers: head of the American Federation of Labor
National War Labor Board: created by Wilson, Taft is head, intended to arbitrate disputes between labor unions and employers
IQ Test: intelligence quotient, used to “test” the intelligence of American soldiers, to determine inferiority of black soldiers, determined most American soldiers were “morons.”
Selective Service Act of 1917: authorized Wilson to raise his five million man army
Sergeant Alvin C. York: American soldier, did something heroic during WWI
Liberty Bonds: main source of war income, touted as patriotic, and beneficial to the war effort
Espionage, Sabotage, and Sedition Acts: an effort to curb immigration, stemmed from peoples’ fear of foreigners, and identification with their home nation
Committee on Public Information: spied on people and stuff, supposedly to help the war, often they were union members, or communists
Immigration Restriction Act of 1917: like a grandfather act for immigration, restricted immigration to a proportion of that in 1890, and therefore English and western Europeans were disproportionately represented.
Paris Peace Conference: at end of WWI, held to determine peace agreements, of not Germany was not allowed a participatory delegate, and Japan didn’t get what they wanted.
Eighteenth Amendment: allowed for later passing the Volstead Act, which prohibited the sale, importation, or production of alcohol.
Irreconcilables: those in Congress who refused to accept the Wilson law for the League of Nations, because of Amendment X
Treaty of Versailles: peace agreement following end of WWI, agreed at Paris Peace Conference, by Big Three
Edith Bolling Wilson: Wife to Wilson, many thought she ran the presidency after he suffered a stroke.
Henry Cabot Lodge: main opposiotion leader to the Wilson League of Nations Idea
Great Steel Strike: 1919 failed strike by steel workers, signaled weakened state of labor unions
Red scare: the wave of fear regarding communists following the end of the War
Mitchell Palmer: Wilson’s attorney general, carried out random searches/surveillances because of nations’ fear of foreigners
Calvin Coolidge: small government conservative
W.E.B. Du Bois: leader of the NAACP, supported Black American endeavors to achieve equality through betterment of selves and force.
Sacco and Vanzetti: Italians who were wrongfully accused of murder because of racial fear, and then were committed to death. ...Read more
Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, Russia (eventually US)
Theodore Roosevelt: convinced US should join Entente to check German power and expansionism.
Woodrow Wilson: US President during WWI, at first encouraged American neutrality.
Edward M. House: Wilson’s closest foreign policy advisor, extremely pro-British, probably contributed to US sympathy with Anglo side of the war, and therefore eventual military involvement.
Sussex Pledge: following the U-boat attack on the French passenger liner, Sussex, Wilson demanded that Germany spare civilians from attack. Germany relented, but warned it might resume unrestricted submarine warfare.
Lusitania: a British passenger liner, secretly carrying munitions to Britain from America, and also carrying US civilians who had been warned that German submarines would probably attack, one step in US involvement in WWI
League of Nations: kinda like the UN, envisioned a peaceful “parliament of the world,” Wilson’s dying dream in life
"Trench Warfare:" method of defensive fighting employed on the Western front
William Jennings Bryan: Wilson’s secretary of state, pro British
Alexander Kerensky: man who led the democratic overthrow of the Tsar and monarchical rule in Russia in 1917
Eugen V. Debs: Socialist leader who opposed WWI, imprisoned for opposition
"He kept us out of war:" motto used by supporters of Wilson during re-election bid in 1916
"Peace without victory:" the idea that not declaring a victor, and not blaming the supposed “loser” would better keep the peace, advocated by Wilson, displayed to have been successful through the peace following the Napoleonic Wars
Zimmerman Telegram: note from German foreign minister to Mexico, directing Mexico to declare war on US in the event of a war between Germany and US; Germany promised to reclaim for Mexico the territories lost to the US.
Vladimir Lenin: man who led communist, “Bolshevik” revolution in Russia, thus extracting Russia from WWI conflict, and lessening pressure on Germany
Georges Clemenceau: French leader during WWI, extremely distrustful/resentful of Germany, part of the Big Three
John P. Pershing: “black jack,” commanded several black regimenty things during the Spanish-American War, but despite this, when he was in charge of figuring out WWI troops, he opted for segregation, to minimize fighting within troops
Fourteen Points: Wilson’s plan for establishing order following the end of WWI, had three components—self determination, international code of conduct, and the League of Nations.
War Industries Board: government section in charge of dealing with industry during the war, with unions and also mobilizing for total war.
Flu Epidemic of 1919: 500,000 Americans died, only exposure of America to real status war disease and horribleness.
Herbert Hoover: foreign minister in charge of distributing food stuffs to Europe and American troops, later appointed to head the American food administration
Bernard Baruch: economic advisor to Wilson
Samuel Gompers: head of the American Federation of Labor
National War Labor Board: created by Wilson, Taft is head, intended to arbitrate disputes between labor unions and employers
IQ Test: intelligence quotient, used to “test” the intelligence of American soldiers, to determine inferiority of black soldiers, determined most American soldiers were “morons.”
Selective Service Act of 1917: authorized Wilson to raise his five million man army
Sergeant Alvin C. York: American soldier, did something heroic during WWI
Liberty Bonds: main source of war income, touted as patriotic, and beneficial to the war effort
Espionage, Sabotage, and Sedition Acts: an effort to curb immigration, stemmed from peoples’ fear of foreigners, and identification with their home nation
Committee on Public Information: spied on people and stuff, supposedly to help the war, often they were union members, or communists
Immigration Restriction Act of 1917: like a grandfather act for immigration, restricted immigration to a proportion of that in 1890, and therefore English and western Europeans were disproportionately represented.
Paris Peace Conference: at end of WWI, held to determine peace agreements, of not Germany was not allowed a participatory delegate, and Japan didn’t get what they wanted.
Eighteenth Amendment: allowed for later passing the Volstead Act, which prohibited the sale, importation, or production of alcohol.
Irreconcilables: those in Congress who refused to accept the Wilson law for the League of Nations, because of Amendment X
Treaty of Versailles: peace agreement following end of WWI, agreed at Paris Peace Conference, by Big Three
Edith Bolling Wilson: Wife to Wilson, many thought she ran the presidency after he suffered a stroke.
Henry Cabot Lodge: main opposiotion leader to the Wilson League of Nations Idea
Great Steel Strike: 1919 failed strike by steel workers, signaled weakened state of labor unions
Red scare: the wave of fear regarding communists following the end of the War
Mitchell Palmer: Wilson’s attorney general, carried out random searches/surveillances because of nations’ fear of foreigners
Calvin Coolidge: small government conservative
W.E.B. Du Bois: leader of the NAACP, supported Black American endeavors to achieve equality through betterment of selves and force.
Sacco and Vanzetti: Italians who were wrongfully accused of murder because of racial fear, and then were committed to death. ...Read more
Wednesday, March 11, 2009
Graphic Organizer: Reform Periods - Progressivism
Extension of Democracy:
Honesty and Efficiency in Government
Goals:
- Direct election of senators
- Equalize voting
- Primary elections
- Election reform
Accomplishments:
- 17th Amendment- direct election of senators
- 19th Amendment- no voter discrimnation based on sex (women could vote!)
- Primary elections in 16 states
- Australian ballot
Key People:
- Robert La Follette
- George W. Norris
- Populist Party
- Susan B. Anthony and other feminists
Honesty and Efficiency in Government
Goals:
- Minimize involvement of big political bosses
- Put in place processes by which voters could check corruption
Accomplishments:
- Initiative: voters are allowed to petition to vote for their own proposed law.
- Referendum: direct vote in which all voters are asked to vote for or against a proposed law or initiative.
- Recall: procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office.
- Muckrackers exposed corruption and dishonesty.
- City commissioner and city manager ideas.
Key People:
- Hiram Johnson: California Govenor
Regulation of the Economy- Business
Goals
Goals
- More power to unions
- Increase Interstate Commerce Commission's power
- Break up corporation's funky monopolization stuff
- Trust-busting
- Unions enabled
- Increased ICC power
- Grover Cleaveland
Regulation of the Economy- Transportation/Communication
Goals
Goals
- Regulation of telephones
- Eliminate discrimination by shippers
- Regulate railroad price fixing
- Regulate carriers
- Increased ICC powers
- Charles Russel
- Western Farmers
- Roosevelt
Social Issues
Goals
Goals
- Prohibition
- Support of poor and immigrants
- Make food industry less gross
- 18th Amendment
- Settlement houses
- The Jungle- exposure of horrid meat packing industry (be a vegetarian, it'll stop global warming)
- Food regulation act
- Women
- Jane Adams
- Ellen Gates
- Upton Sinclair
Conservation
Goals
Goals
- Saving the beauty/nature of US
- Creating dozens of national parks
- Creating conservation areas to save the world
- Robert Johnson- Sierra Club
- President Theodore Roosevelt
Tuesday, March 10, 2009
REMEMBER
For the test Wednesday (Green Day), or Thursday (Silver Day), you will be asked to turn in the following:
- Terms & Names: Chapter 21
- Terms & Names: Chapter 22
- Chapter 21 Questions
- Chapter 22 Questions
- Graphic Organizer: "Reform Periods - Progressivism"
Good luck to all!
Go, fight, win, you're going down, Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson!
(It sorta rhymed...)
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